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ERNEST  SOLVAY 

ORIGINATOR  AND  PERFECTOR  OF  THE 

SOLVAY  PROCESS 
FOR  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  CARBONATE  OF  SODA 


ROWLAND  HAZARD 

FOUNDER  AND  FIRST  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  SOLVAY  PROCESS  CO. 
SYRACUSE,  N.  Y.,  1881 


WILLIAM  B.  COGSWELL 

ASSOCIATED  FROM  ITS  ORIGIN  WITH 
THE  SOLVAY  PROCESS  CO. 

AS 
ENGINEER,  GENERAL  MANAGER,  TREASURER,  DIRECTOR  AND  VICE-PRESIDENT 


FREDERICK  R.  HAZARD 

PRESIDENT   OF  THE  SOLVAY  PROCESS  COMPANY 


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rfiiiiiu i i i i minim mini mil mi innninn miniiimiinm nnniiinmiim n iminmii linn i mm iiiiminiiinm i mm nm mi inn iiiinim miiiiiiimiii i nnniiim m i inn minim inn >; 


SOLVAY    ALKALI 


ITS  VARIOUS  FORMS  &  USES 

WITH  NOTES  ON  ALKALIMETRY  AND  CHEMICAL 
AND  COMMERCIAL  TABLES  CONVENIENTLY 
ARRANGED  FOR  THE  USE  OF  THE  CONSUMER 


1916 


THE  SOLVAY  PROCESS  COMPANY 
Ll 

SYRACUSE,  N.  Y. 


Copyright,  1916,  The  Solvay  Process  Company 


r?  >  •/ 

57  sc 


THE  SOLVAY  PROCESS  COMPANY 

MANUFACTURER  OF 

SODA  ASH,  CAUSTIC  SODA,  BICARBONATE,  CRYSTALS, 
AND  ALLIED  PRODUCTS 


OFFICERS: 

PRESIDENT,  F.  R.  HAZARD 

VICE-PRESIDENT,  R.  G.  HAZARD  GENERAL  MANAGER,  J.  D.  PENNOCK 

VICE-PRESIDENT,  W.  B.  COGSWELL  MGR.,  DETROIT  WORKS,  A.  H.  GREEN,  JR 

VICE-PRESIDENT.  E.  N.  TRUMP  CHIEF  ENGINEER,  C.  G.  HERBERT 

SECRETARY,  LOUIS  KRUMBHAAR  ASS'T-TREASURER,  R.  W.  SWIFT 


SYRACUSE,  N.  Y.  DETROIT,  MICH.  HUTCHINSON,  KAN. 


SELLING  AGENTS: 
WING  &  EVANS,  INC.,  22  WILLIAM  STREET,  NEW  YORK 


\ 


Organization 

The  Solvay  Process  Co.  was  incorporated  in  1881 
under  the  Laws  of  the  State  of  New  York,  for  the 
manufacture  of  soda  in  its  various  forms  and  for 
dealing  in  the  raw  materials  and  by-products  of  such 
manufacture.  The  Company  has  been  in  continu- 
ous operation  since  its  incorporation.  Its  works  are 
located  at  Solvay,  near  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  at  Detroit, 
Michigan,  and  at  Hutchinson,  Kansas. 

The  output  of  the  original  plant  at  Syracuse  was 
30  tons  of  soda  ash  a  day.  A  study  of  the  accom- 
panying cuts  may  be  found  interesting  as  showing 
the  tremendous  growth  of  the  industry.  The  Com- 
pany today  furnishes  a  very  large  part  of  all  the 
alkali  consumed  in  the  United  States. 

From  the  origin  of  the  business  the  sale  of  the 
Soda  Products  of  the  company  has  been  under  the 
direction  of  Wing  &  Evans,  later  succeeded  by  Wing 
&  Evans,  Inc.,  of  22  William  Street,  New  York  City, 
as  General  Selling  Agents. 

Wing  &  Evans,  Inc.,  like  the  Solvay  Process  Co., 
has  been  continuously  identified  with  the  alkali 
industry  of  the  United  States  from  its  beginning. 


M82532 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N. 


Brief  Outline  of  the  Soda  Process 


ODA  ASH  was  first  produced  commercially  by  the  LeBlanc  process  about 
the  year  1800.  That  process  was  crude  and  expensive,  the  price  of  soda 
ash  made  by  it  being  from  $190  to  $380  a  ton.  As  early,  therefore,  as  181 1 , 
when  the  LeBlanc  process  was  still  in  its  infancy,  experiments  were  commenced 
to  discover  some  process  more  economical  and  efficient.  These  experiments 
were  carried  on  almost  continuously  by  some  of  the  most  noted  scientists  of 
Europe  until  the  year  1861,  when  two  Belgians,  Messrs.  Ernest  and  Alfred  Sol- 
v'ay,  brothers,  originated  the  apparatus  which  enabled  them  to  perfect  the 
process  for  the  manufacture  of  soda  ash  by  the  reaction  of  ammonium  bi-car- 
bonate  on  salt  brine.  This  process  was  put  into  actual  commercial  operation  at 
a  plant  at  Couillet,  Belgium,  by  the  Messrs.  Solvay  in  1863,  and  the  successful 
manufacture  of  soda  ash  by  it  has  continued  ever  since.  The  process  has  long 
been  known  the  world  over  as  the  Solvay  process,  and  probably  95  per  cent, 
of  all  the  soda  ash  now  manufactured  is  made  by  it. 

The  service  to  the  world  of  the  Messrs.  Solvay  in  perfecting  their  process  can 
never  be  appreciated.  Entering  as  soda  ash  does,  in  one  form  or  another,  into 
practically  all  the  products  of  industry,  the  tremendous  economy  effected  in  its 
manufacture  by  the  Solvay  process  has  been  of  enormous  benefit  to  the  world. 

At  its  origin  The  Solvay  Process  Company  acquired  the  American  patents 
of  the  Messrs.  Solvay,  whose  broad-minded  policy  provided  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  fraternity  of  independent  organizations,  one  for  each  of  the  great 
countries  whose  consumption  of  alkali  warranted  a  home  supply.  These  national 
organizations  are  entirely  separate  and  independent;  each  is  under  exclusive 
home  control,  but  it  is  the  privilege  of  each  to  share  in  the  improvements  of  all 
the  others  by  the  interchange  of  technical  and  factory  reports  and  by  personal 
visits  of  their  staff  experts. 

The  business  world  can  hardly  offer  a  parallel  to  this  Solvay  fraternity,  and 
thirty-five  years  have  demonstrated  its  wonderful  efficiency.  By  this  alliance 
the  users  of  the  product  of  The  Solvay  Process  Company  derive  the  benefit,  not 
only  of  the  ablest  experts  in  the  manufacture  of  alkali  in  the  United  States,  but 
in  all  the  world. 

The  original  patents  have  now  expired.  Companies  have  been  formed  both 
in  Europe  and  in  this  country  to  use  such  portions  of  the  Solvay  process  as 
they  can  readily  follow.  Such  followers  are  a  tribute  to  the  excellence  of  the 
process. 

1 
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw iiiiiiiiihiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiifH 

10 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


Solvay    Products 


The  Solvay  Process  Company  are  manufacturers  of  the  following  products: 

SODA  ASH.— All  grades  and  densities. 

CAUSTIC  SODA.— All  grades  of  solid  and  ground. 

BICARBONATE  OF  SODA.— Pure  and  commercial  grades. 

SESQUI-CARBONATE  OF  SODA.— Pure. 

MODIFIED  SODAS  (So-called  Neutral  Sodas).— All  grades. 

CAUSTICIZED  ASH.— All  grades. 

CROWN  FILLER.— Pure  hydrated  Calcium  Sulphate. 

CALCIUM  CHLORIDE.— All  grades  of  solid,  granulated  and  liquid. 

SALT. — Commercial  Grades. 

LIMESTONE.— Pulverized  and  graded  sizes. 

For  details  of  the  various  products  and  their  uses  see  following  pages.     Any 
of  the  special  pamphlets  mentioned  may  be  had  on  request. 


^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim 

11 


THE       SOLVAY        PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,        N.        Y 


Soda  Ash— Na2CO3 

Soda  Ash  is  found  in  commerce  in  the  following  grades,  all  of  which  are 
made  by  The  Solvay  Process  Co. : 

58%  Ordinary  and  58%  Dense. 
48%  "     48%  Special." 

The  58%  Ash  is  the  highest  grade  of  Soda  Ash  manufactured,  and  contains 
about  99%  Na2CO3. 

The  distinction  between  58%  Ordinary  (or  Light)  and  58%  Dense  is  merely 
one  of  density,  the  Dense  Ash  weighing  about  twice  as  much  as  the  Ordinary  Ash 
per  unit  volume. 

Chemically,  they  are  identical,  and  perform  the  same  functions,  the  Dense 
Ash  being  used  where  small  bulk  is  desirable,  e.g.,  in  glass  manufacture. 

USES: 

In  the  manufacture  of  glass,  soap,  paper,  chemicals,  drugs,  paints,  leather, 
enamel  ware,  cleansers.  Soda  Ash  is  also  used  in  the  textile  industries,  in  dyeing 
operations,  water  softening,  metallurgical  operations,  bottle  and  dish  washing, 
refining  of  vegetable  and  mineral  oils,  metal  working,  prevention  of  timber  mold. 

The  48%  Ordinary  Ash  and  the  48%  Special  are  reduced  with  NaCl  and 
Na2SO4  respectively,  and  are  used  for  special  purposes. 

PACKAGES:  See  page  42. 

See  special  chapter  on  Dense  Ash  for  Glass  Manufacture,  on  page  20. 


Caustic  Soda — NaOH 

Caustic  Soda  is  manufactured  in  the  following  grades : 
SOLID  CAUSTIC.— 76%,  74%;  70%  Ordinary, 

70%  Special;   60%  Ordinary, 
60%  Special. 

GROUND  CAUSTIC.— 76%,  74%. 

Caustic  Soda  is  graded  according  to  the  percentage  content. of  actual  alkali 
(Na2O)  in  it,  76%  being  the  highest  commercial  grade. 

The  chief  uses  of  Caustic  Soda  are  in  the  manufacture  of  soap,  paper,  chemi- 
cals and  drugs,  paints,  enamel  ware,  leather;  used  also  in  the  textile  industries, 
mercerizing  of  cotton,  water  softening,  bottle  washing,  vegetable  and  mineral 
oil  refining,  metal  working,  and  in  the  preparation  of  cleansers. 

The  Special  Caustic  Sodas  contain  certain  amounts  of  Sodium  Carbonate 
and  Sodium  Sulphate,  and  are  of  a  softer  nature  than  the  ordinary  Caustic. 

Ground  Caustic  is  ordinary  solid  caustic  ground  for  putting  up  in  small 
packages,  for  use  in  cleansing,  in  batteries,  etc. 

PACKAGES:  See  page  42. 

For  special  chapter  on  the  Use  of  Caustic  Soda  in  Soap  Making  see  page  22. 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


Bicarbonate  of  Soda — NaHCO3 

BICARBONATE  OF  SODA  in  the  pure  form  is  the  well-known  Baking 
Soda.  It  is  used  also  in  the  manufacture  of  baking  powders,  both  of  these 
products  being  used  over  the  civilized  world. 

Other  grades,  not  so  highly  refined,  are  used  for  producing  Carbonic  Acid 
for  charging  waters,  in  the  manufacture  of  chemicals  and  drugs,  for  charging 
fire  extinguishers,  and  for  prevention  of  timber  mold. 

1 

*  = 

= 

Modified  Sodas  ==  (So-called  Neutral  Sodas) 

n 

"Modified  Sodas"  is  a  term  which  includes  all  of  those  forms  of  mild  alkali 
which  contain  more  carbonic  acid  than  the  normal  Sodium  Carbonate  or  Soda 
Ash.  These  products  are  sometimes  known  as  Neutral  Sodas. 

The  Solvay  Process  Company  make  the  following  specialties  in  Modified 
Sodas,  and  are  prepared  to  furnish  any  other  particular  combination  desired: 
Solvay  Snow  Flake  Crystals— Na2CO3,  NaHCO3,  2H2O. 

Modified  Soda — containing  about  27%  Bicarbonate  of  soda,  about  60%  Car- 
bonate of  Soda,  making  about  45%  Actual  Alkali  (Na2O). 

Modified  Soda — containing  about  50%  Bicarbonate  of  Soda,  about  37%  Car- 
bonate of  Soda,  making  about  40%  Actual  Alkali  (Na2O). 

Modified  Soda — containing  about  64%  Bicarbonate  of  Soda,  about  27%  Car- 
bonate of  Soda,  making  about  39%  Actual  Alkali  (Na2O). 
Mono-Hydrate  Crystals — Na2CO3,  H2O. 

This  is  another  form  of  mild  alkali,  being  the  normal  carbonate  with  one 
molecule  of  water  of  crystallization. 

All  of  these  products  are  used  in  cleansing  operations,  as  carried  on  in  laun- 
dries, dairies,  textile  industries,  metal  cleaning,  etc. 

See  our  Special  Pamphlets  on  Snow  Flake  Crystals  and  on  Metal  Cleaning. 

For  Special  Chapter  on  "Soda  as  a  Cleansing  Agent"  see  Page  24. 

PACKAGES :     See  page  42 . 

Causticized  Ash 

Causticized  Ash  is  a  term  covering  mixtures  of  Soda  Ash  and  Caustic  Soda, 
and  is  usually  graded  according  to  the  percentage  content  of  Caustic  Soda,  i.e., 
actual  NaOH. 

We  are  prepared  to  make  any  mixture  desired,  and  have  the  following  grades 
always  in  stock: 

CAUSTICIZED  ASH  of  15%,  25%,  36%,  45%,  NaOH. 

= 

Causticized  Ash  is  used  in  many  cleansing  operations  where  a  strong  alkali 
is  needed,  as  in  bottle  washing  and  metal  cleaning.  It  is  used  also  for  water- 
softening,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  leather. 

See  our  Special  Pamphlets  on  Metal  Cleaning  and  on  Water  Purification. 

PACKAGES:     Barrels,  300  Ibs.  net. 

= 

Miiiiiiiiimi^ 

13 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


Crown  Filler— CaSO4,  2H2O 

Crown  Filler  is  an  extremely  pure  hydrated  sulphate  of  lime,  of  a  beautiful 
crystal  form.  It  is  the  highest  grade  paper  filler  known,  and  is  unrivaled  by 
any  other  filler. 

PACKAGES: 

Barrels,  260  Ibs.,  300  Ibs.,  370  Ibs.,  net. 

1  = 

Calcium  Chloride — CaCl2 

H  i 

Calcium  Chloride  is  furnished  as  75%  Solid,  75%  Granulated,  40% 
Liquid  and  50%  Liquid. 

It  is  used  as  a  Refrigeration  Brine,  for  Cold  Storage,  Air  Drying,  drying 
Food  Products,  laying  of  Highway  Dust,  Weed  Killing,  Prevention  of  Coal 
Mine  Explosions,  in  Coal  Washing,  Tempering  of  Metals,  in  the  Canning  In- 
dustry, and  for  Non-freezing  solutions. 

See  our  Special  Pamphlets  on  Calcium  Chloride. 

PACKAGES: 

75%  Solid,  Iron  Drums,  610  Ibs.  net. 

75%  Granulated,  Iron  Drums,  350,  375  Ibs.  net. 

Liquid,  in  tank  cars  of  4500  gals.,  6000  gals,  or  10,000  gals,  capacity. 

H  ^ 

I  Salt— NaCl  ! 

=  i 

1  1 

The  Solvay  Process  Company's  Salt  is  a  fine  salt  carefully  prepared  for  the 
trade,  and  finds  extensive  use  in  the  textile,  leather,  and  other  industries. 

PACKAGES: 

Shipped  in  bulk,  carloads  and  in  bags,  200  Ibs.  net,  and  barrels,  400  Ibs. 
net. 

I  i 

Limestone — CaCO3 

At  our  extensive  quarries  of  high  grade  limestone  we  have  installed  modern 
equipment  for  crushing,  sizing  and  pulverizing  limestone. 

The  crushed  limestone  is  marketed  for  all  concrete  and  road  metal  purposes, 
and  is  sized  for  those  particular  uses. 

Solvay  Pulverized  Limestone  for  Farm  Lands  is  ground  to  that  degree  of 
fineness  required,  and  represents  a  superior  article  for  farmers'  use. 

See  our  Special  Pamphlet  on  Pulverized  Limestone  for  Farm  Lands. 

PACKAGES: 

Shipments  are  made  in  bulk,  in  carloads,  but  the  Solvay  Pulverized 
Limestone  may  be  had  in  loo-lb.  bags,  if  desired,  in  less  than  carload 

lots. 

I  I 

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14 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N 


The  Valuation  of  Soda  Ash  and  Caustic  Soda  as 
Based  on  Various  Systems  of  Testing 

FROM  time  to  time  we  have  published  notes  on  the  various  methods  of 
testing  and  valuing  alkalies  in  this  country  and  abroad,  and  we  again 
take  the  opportunity,  in  this  publication,  of  giving  to  the  trade  complete 
and  accurate  information  on  this  subject. 

Our  earlier  publications  first  placed  in  the  hands  of  consumers  the  power  to 
ascertain  the  test  by  which  they  buy  alkali  and  we  stated  that  we  desired  to  deal 
with  our  customers  on  the  basis  of  exact  analysis.  That  fact  we  again  emphasize. 

We  solicit  the  comparison  of  our  soda  with  any  other  make  by  any  of  these 
tests.  We  guarantee  that  our  soda  will  compare  favorably  with  any  other  when 
both  are  tested  by  the  same  test. 

So  long  as  buyers  and  sellers  of  soda  understand  the  different  tests  and  know 
by  which  one  they  are  buying  and  selling,  no  great  harm  results  from  these 
conflicting  methods  of  testing,  but  when  the  attempt  is  made  to  compare  soda 
by  differing  tests,  confusion  and  misunderstanding  at  once  arise. 

The  information  contained  in  the  following  Tables  will  be  found  valuable, 
both  for  technical  and  commercial  purposes,  and  in  all  dealings  which  involve 
the  chemical  test  of  Soda  Ash  and  Caustic  Soda  of  all  strengths. 

The  Tables  are  taken  from  Lunge's  "Hand-book  of  the  Soda  Industry." 
For  convenience,  the  Tables  are  calculated  for  even  quantities  of  actual  alkali, 
and  extend  from  the  lowest  actual  alkali  tests  by  differences  of  5/10  of  i%  of 
actual  alkali  up  to  the  chemically  pure  product. 

Column  No.  I  shows  the  percentage  of  Sodium  Carbonate  and  of  Sodium 
Hydrate  in  their  respective  tables.  On  the  continent  of  Europe,  Soda  Ash  is 
generally  sold  on  the  content  of  Sodium  Carbonate,  and  Caustic  Soda  is  sold  on 
the  content  of  Sodium  Hydrate  (Calculated  as  Sodium  Carbonate). 

Column  No.  2  shows  the  percentage  of  sodium  oxide  or  actual  alkali  (Na2O) 
corresponding  to  the  amount  of  carbonate  or  hydrate  shown  in  column  No.  I. 
The  actual  alkali  is  reckoned  in  accordance  with  the  true  atomic  weights  of  the 
elements  in  the  compounds,  and  is  31  /53  or  62  /io6  of  the  total  carbonate  of  soda. 

Column  No.  3  shows  the  amount  of  sodium  oxide  or  actual  alkali  (Na2O) 
which  would  be  reported  by  the  standard  English  (Newcastle)  test.  Under  this 
test,  the  actual  alkali  is  calculated  by  the  use  of  an  incorrect  chemical  equivalent 
for  sodium  oxide,  and  is  stated  as  32  754  or  64/108  of  the  total  carbonate  of  soda. 
This  error  originated  in  the  fact  that  the  early  chemists  fixed  the  atomic  weight 


15 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


of  sodium  at  24;  subsequent  investigations  have  proved  it  to  be  23.     Calculating 
with  the  erroneous  weight  increases  the  nominal  percentage  of  alkali  by  1.3%. 

Column  No.  4  shows  the  still  more  incorrect  test  which  would  be  reported 
according  to  the  "New  York  and  Liverpool"  method  of  testing  alkali.  This 
test  has  been  in  use  for  the  last  seventy  years,  and  it  is  the  test  by  which  both 
soda  ash  and  caustic  soda  have  always  been  sold  in  this  country.  Under  this 
test,  the  incorrect  chemical  equivalent  for  oxide  of  sodium  (Na2O)  is  used,  while 
the  correct  equivalent  for  carbonate  of  soda  is  employed.  This  test  calls  the 
actual  alkali  32/53  or  64/106  of  the  total  carbonate  of  soda,  and  accordingly 
gives  3.226%  more  alkali  than  actually  exists. 

In  all  of  our  publications  in  the  past,  we  have  pointed  out  the  fact  that 
these  different  tests  of  alkali  were  in  more  or  less  general  use  in  different  countries, 
and  while  it  is  to  be  much  regretted  that  no  uniform  system  has  been  adopted, 
we  have  endeavored  to  fully  set  forth  the  differences  in  order  that  both  buyers 
and  sellers  of  soda  might  thoroughly  understand  the  different  tests,  and  know 
by  which  one  they  are  buying  and  selling.  If  this  matter  is  once  fully  under- 
stood, no  possible  harm  can  be  done,  as  the  price  may  be  regulated  according  to 
the  test  selected,  but  a  thorough  understanding  of  the  matter  is  desirable,  and,  as 
a  step  in  this  direction,  we  present  the  following  tables : 

EXAMPLE 
N.  Y.  &  Liverpool  test  gives  Na2O  in  pure  carbonate  of  soda.  .  .  . — 7  =  60.377% 

Actual  Na2O  is ^.  =  58.491% 

1 06 

Difference i .  886 

58.491  :  1.886  ::  100  13.226,  that  is: 

The  quantity  of  Na2O  calculated  according  to  the  N.  Y.  &  Liverpool  test  is 
3.226%  greater  than  actual  Na2O. 


We  shall  be  glad  to  send  on  request  a  leaflet  describing  in  detail  standard 
analytical  methods  for  the  testing  of  alkalies,  including  methods  for  the  prepa- 
ration of  standard  solutions  required. 


imiiiiiiiiiiinmiiiiimiiiiimiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiimiiiuiiHM 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY 


SYRACUSE 


N 


TABLE   I • 
For  Comparing  Different  Systems  of  Alkalimetry  for  Soda  Ash 

The  following  table  gives  the  chemical  and  commercial  equivalents  for  the 
different  kinds  of  alkali.  On  the  continent  of  Europe,  alkali  is  sold  by  its  strength 
in  carbonate  of  soda  (Na2CO3),  as  per  column  No.  i  of  table.  In  England, 
alkali  is  sold  nominally  on  its  strength  in  actual  alkali  (Na2O),  as  per  column 
No.  2  of  table,  but  actually  on  the  so-called  "Newcastle  Test"  of  the  actual 
alkali,  as  per  column  No.  3  of  table.  In  the  United  States,  the  commercial 
standard  for  75  years  has  been  the  New  York  and  Liverpool  Test  for  actual 
alkali,  as  per  column  No.  4  of  table. 


No.  i 

No.  2 

No.  3 

No.  4 

Soda  Ash 

Actual  Alkali 

Newcastle  Test 

N.  Y.  &  Liv. 

Sodium  Carbonate 

Sodium  Oxide 

Sodium  Oxide 

Sodium  Oxide 

NajCOs 

Na2O 

Na*O 

Na,O 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

79-51 

46.5 

47.11 

48.00 

80.37 

47.0 

47.62 

48.51 

81.22 

47-5 

48.12 

49-03 

82.07 

48.0 

48.63 

49-54 

82.93 

48.5 

49.14 

50.06 

83.78 

49.0 

49.64 

50.58 

84.64 

49-5 

50.15 

51-09 

85.48 

50-0 

50.66 

51.61 

86.34 

50-5 

51.16 

52.12 

87.19 

51.0 

5I-67 

52.64 

88.05 

51-5 

52.18 

53-i6 

88.90 

52.0 

52.68 

53-67 

89.76 

52.5 

53-19 

54-19 

9O.6l 

53-0 

53-70 

54-70 

91-47 

53-5 

54-20 

55-22 

92.32 

54-o 

54-71 

55-74 

93-18 

54-5 

55-22 

56-25 

94-03 

55-0 

55-72 

56.77 

94.89 

55-5 

56-23 

57-29 

95-74 

56.0 

56.74 

57-80 

96.60 

56.5 

57-24 

58-32 

97-45 

57-o 

57-75 

58-83 

98.31 

57-5 

58-26 

59-35 

99.16 

58.0 

58.76 

59-87 

100.  OO 

58-5 

59-27 

60.38 

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17 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


TABLE  II 
For  Comparing  Different  Systems  of  Alkalimetry  for  Caustic  Soda 

Caustic  Soda  is  sold  on  its  strength  in  Na2O,  as  indicated  in  the  New  York 
and  Liverpool  Test  column  below. 

The  price  is  always  based  on  60%  Caustic,  with  a  proportionate  addition 
for  the  higher  percentages. 


No.  i 

No.  2 

No.  3 

No.  4 

Caustic  Soda 

Actual  Alkali 

Newcastle  Test 

N.  Y.  &  Liv. 

Sodium  Hydrate 

Sodium  Oxide 

Sodium  Oxide 

Sodium  Oxide 

NaOH 

Na20 

Na2O                                        Na2O 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

74-83 

58-0 

58.76 

59-87 

75.48 

58-5 

59-27 

60.38 

76.  12 

59-0 

59-77 

60.90 

76.77 

59-5 

60.28 

61  .42 

77.40 

60.0 

60.79 

61.93 

78.05 

60.5 

61.30 

62.45 

78.70 

61.0 

61.80 

62.97 

79-35 

6i-5 

62.31 

63-48 

80.00 

62.0 

62.82 

64.00 

80.65 

62.5 

63-32 

64.52 

81.29 

63.0 

63-83 

65-03 

81.94 

63-5 

64-33 

65-55 

82.58 

64.0 

64.84 

66.06 

83-23 

64-5 

65-35 

66.58 

83-87 

65.0 

65-85 

67.  10 

84-52 

65-5 

66.36 

67.61 

85.16 

66.0 

66.87 

68.13 

85-81 

66.5 

67-37 

68.65 

86.45 

67.0 

67.88 

69.  16 

87.10 

67-5 

68.39 

69.68 

87.74 

68.0 

68.89 

70.19 

88.39 

68.5 

69.40 

70.71 

89.03 

69.0 

69.91 

71.23 

89.67 

69-5 

70.41 

71-74 

90.30 

70.0 

70.92 

72.26 

90.95 

70.5 

71-43 

72.77 

91.60 

71.0 

71-93 

73-29 

92.25 

71-5 

72.44 

73-81 

92.90 

72.0 

72-95 

74-32 

93-55 

72-5 

73-45 

74.84 

94.19 

73-0 

73-96 

75-35 

94.84 

73-5 

74-47 

75-87 

95-48 

74-o 

74-97 

76.39 

96.13 

74-5 

75-48 

76.90 

96.77 

75-0 

75-99 

77.42 

97-32 

75-5 

76.49 

77-94 

98.06 

76.0 

77.00 

78-45 

98.71 

76-5 

77-51 

78.97 

99-35                                  77-0 

78.01 

79-49 

100.00                                  77.5 

78-52 

80.00 

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19 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


Soda  Ash  for  Glass  Making 

NCE  upon  a  time  glass  was  made  without  Soda  Ash,  but  from  the  day  the 
Solvay  Process  lifted  Soda  Ash  out  of  the  class  of  crude  products  into  the 
class  of  pure  products,  glassmakers  have  turned  to  it  with  always  growing 
enthusiasm  as  the  best,  and  of  late,  also  the  cheapest  source  of  the  alkali  metal, 
Sodium. 

What  the  Solvay  Process  has  done  for  the  glassmaker  is  well  shown  by 
what  Lomas,  the  authority  of  his  day,  has  to  say  of  the  Soda  Ash  of  the  time 
just  preceding  the  advent  of  the  Solvay  Process:  "For  the  finer  sorts  of  glass 
and  for  various  other  purposes  a  purer  article  than  Soda  Ash  is  required,  and  this 
is  readily  obtained  by  dissolving  the  ash  in  hot  water,  settling,  boiling  down  to 
dryness,  and  re-furnacing." 

Can  you  imagine  treating  Solvay  Process  Soda  Ash  in  that  manner ;  an  alkali 
that  is  the  standard  of  quality  and  the  purest  ingredient  of  any  that  enters  the 
glassmaker's  batch?  It  is  no  wonder  that  refined  alkali  under  the  manufacturing 
methods  used  before  the  perfection  of  the  Solvay  Process  cost  the  glassmaker 
anywhere  from  three  to  five  times  the  present  price. 

There  is  scarcely  another  chemical  process  that  requires  so  nice  an  adjust- 
ment of  ingredients  as  that  of  glassmaking.  This  is  so  for  two  reasons.  First: 
practically  all  of  the  impurities  introduced  into  the  melt  remain  there,  and  are 
found  in  the  finished  glass.  Second :  the  transparent  quality  of  glass  makes  any 
deterioration  caused  by  such  impurities  perfectly  apparent. 

It  follows,  then,  that  along  with  the  utmost  care  in  selecting  sand  and  lime, 
must  go  the  greatest  vigilance  in  choosing  the  Soda  Ash.  For  many  years  the 
Solvay  Process  Co.  has  made  a  scientific  study  of  the  requirements  of  the  glass- 
maker,  and  the  result  is  found  in  their  58%  Dense  Soda  Ash.  The  impurities 
inherent  in  the  product  of  Lomas'  time,  referred  to  above,  are  practically  absent 
from  Solvay  Ash.  The  carbon  and  sulphides  have  been  entirely  eliminated 
and  the  iron  reduced  to  the  lowest  minimum  humanly  possible.  The  following 
average  composition  of  Solvay  Process  Soda  Ash  for  glassmakers  shows  the 
extraordinary  purity  now  attained  in  this  product: 

Average  analysis  of  Solvay  58%  Dense  Soda  Ash  for  entire  month  of  September, 
1915- 

Sodium  Carbonate  Na2CO3 99 .05  % 

Sodium  Chloride  NaCl 507 

Silica  SiO2 003 

Ferric  Oxide  Fe2O3 .  005 

Aluminum  Oxide  A12O3 002 

Calcium  Carbonate  CaCO3 039 

Magnesium  Carbonate  MgCO3 • 030 

Sodium  Sulphate  Na2SO4 055 

99.691% 
I  t 

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20 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


Of  equal  importance  with  chemical  purity  are  the  physical  properties  of 
Soda  Ash.  Experience  has  shown,  for  example,  that  the  Ash  must  be  neither 
too  light  nor  too  dense.  Formerly,  it  was  thought  that  the  denser  the  Ash  the 
better.  Today  it  is  pretty  generally  understood  that  too  great  a  density  can  be 
reached.  For  ease  and  completeness  of  melting  the  mix  must  be  homogeneous, 
i.e.,  there  must  be  some  Soda  Ash  right  handy  for  every  particle  of  silica  and 
lime  to  seize  upon.  That  condition  will  not  be  realized  if  the  bulk  of  Soda  Ash 
used  is  reduced  too  much  by  reason  of  the  Ash  being  too  dense.  Further,  a  given 
method  of  mixing  will  not  give  the  same  results  day  after  day  unless  the  density 
of  Soda  Ash  is  uniform  day  after  day.  Therefore,  it  is  evident  that  Soda  Ash 
must  be  not  only  of  the  right  density,  but  of  uniform  density. 

Together  with  the  right  density,  and  uniformity  of  density  must  go  a  non- 
dusting  quality  in  the  Ash,  for  an  Ash  that  dusts  badly  is  a  source  of  loss,  both 
in  handling  and  in  processing,  and  the  dust  is  a  constant  irritation  to  the  work- 
men as  well.  Dusting  is  not  a  function  of  Density.  A  dense  Ash  may  dust  more 
badly  than  a  light  Ash.  The  only  test  is  by  observation,  or  better,  by  making 
our  standard  test  on  dusting  which  consists  in  blowing  air  through  the  Ash 
under  accurate  conditions.  It  is  a  simple  test  and  we  will  be  glad  to  give  you 
the  details. 

There  is  no  Sodium  Glass  made  that  is  not  the  better  for  having  had  Soda 
Ash  in  the  melt.  We  are  not  here  recommending  any  particular  method  or 
formula  for  the  glassmaker,  but  it  is  well  known  that  Soda  Ash  will  lower  the 
fusing  point  of  the  melt,  give  a  smoother  working  glass,  and  increase  the  capacity 
of  the  plant. 


SALT  WELLS  OF  THE  SOLVAY  PROCESS  COMPANY,  NEAR  SYRACUSE,  N.  Y. 


in i mi i IIIIHIII mi ilium iiiiini limn iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii » iiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii muni i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin in inn mini i iiiiiiiniiniiiinn in in i mini: inn innnniiii inn i 1111111111111115= 

21 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N 


Caustic  Soda  for  Soap  Makers  and  for  Mercerizing 

A  in  every  industry  that  uses  alkali,  the  business  of  manufacturing  soap 
has  been  made  easier  and  more  economical  by  the  extraordinary  improve- 
ment in  the  last  generation  in  the  quality  of  "Alkali." 

From  the  moment  that  Ernest  Solvay  perfected  his  process  for  making 
alkali,  known  the  world  over  by  his  name,  the  way  of  the  soap  maker  became 
easier. 

The  comparison  of  the  caustic  soda  used  a  generation  ago  with  the  Solvay 
standard  76%  Caustic  of  today,  furnishes  a  criterion  which  needs  no  comment. 


Analysis  of 

White  Caustic 

for  Soap  in 

1881 


Analysis  of 

Solvay 

76%  Caustic, 

1916 


Sodium  Hydrate  

81.84% 

Q7.  14% 

Sodium  Carbonate  

4.68 

I  .  IS 

Sodium  Chloride  

6.  S2 

.8s 

Sodium  Sulphate  

4-  S2 

.56 

Sodium  Sulphide  

.O2S 

.00 

Sodium  Silicate  

.46^ 

•  ^72 

Whether  the  soap  maker  uses  caustic  soda,  or  buys  soda  ash  and  causticizes 
it  himself,  the  story  is  the  same.  Pure  caustic  depends  on  the  use  of  pure  soda 
ash  to  start  with,  and,  conversely,  pure  soda  ash  to  start  with  means  a  pure 
finished  caustic  soda.  Our  caustic  soda  is  made  from  soda  ash  manufactured 
by  the  Solvay  Process,  and  the  same  high  degree  of  technical  supervision  and 
the  same  scientific  methods  are  exercised  in  producing  the  caustic  soda  that  are 
followed  in  making  Solvay  soda  ash. 

Since  1881,  the  year  in  which  The  Solvay  Process  Company  was  organized, 
we  have  been  operating  the  Solvay  process,  employing  the  most  skilled  technical 
men  that  could  be  found,  and  giving  them  the  utmost  latitude  in  building  up 
the  system  of  technical  factory  control,  which  has  resulted  in  making  Solvay 
alkali  products  the  standard  of  the  world. 

During  all  these  thirty-five  years  of  expanding  operation,  the  closest  study 
has  been  given  to  the  needs  of  the  soap  maker.  No  expense  has  been  spared, 
first,  in  finding  out  just  what  the  trade  required  in  soda  ash  and  caustic,  and, 
second,  in  giving  that  product  to  the  trade. 

A  glance  at  the  analysis  of  Solvay  76%  caustic  given  above,  will  show  that 
the  deleterious  ingredients  of  the  caustic  soda  of  1881  have  been  reduced  to  a 

minimum,  that  is,  the  impurities  show  a  reduction  from  over  16%  to  about  3%. 

\  I 

jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiimiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM 

99 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N. 


It  is  essential  that  caustic  soda  for  soap  making  be  low  in  salt,  sodium  sul- 
phate, and  sodium  carbonate,  in  order  to  effect  easy  solution,  and,  above  all,  to 
insure  quick  and  complete  saponification. 

In  addition  to  the  impurities  named,  there  are  often  present  in  commercial 
caustic  soda  small  quantities  of  copper.  It  is  known  that  a  very  small  amount 
of  this  impurity  will  play  havoc  with  the  production  of  a  pure  soap,  for  it  has 
been  definitely  shown  that  a  very  minute  content  of  copper  will  generate  heat 
and  decomposition  in  a  neutral  soap  where  there  is  no  excess  of  alkali.  This  de- 
composition results  in  a  darkening  in  color  and  in  rancidity. 

Special  methods  and  the  greatest  care  are  required  to  keep  copper  out  of 
the  finished  caustic,  and  we  make  a  specialty  of  producing  a  caustic  for  soap 
makers  containing  the  least  possible  trace  of  copper. 

In  all  technical  manufacture,  such  as  soap  making,  it  is  vital  that  raw 
material  be  always  of  uniform  quality.  The  soap  manufacturer  is  no  longer 
satisfied  with  turning  out  a  good  product  three-fourths  of  the  time — he  must 
turn  out  a  perfect  product  all  the  time. 

For  that  reason,  we  lay  just  as  special  emphasis  on  uniformity  of  quality 
as  we  do  on  quality  itself,  and  it  is  the  particular  business  of  one  Department  to 
see  that  each  step  of  the  manufacture  every  hour  of  the  day  is  progressing  as  it 
should.  This  minute  control  of  every  stage  of  the  manufacture  results  not  only 
in  reaching  that  quality  of  product  desired,  but  in  maintaining  it  every  day  of 
the  year. 

Mercerizing 

For  the  process  of  mercerizing  only  the  highest  grade  caustic  soda  should 
be  used  and  particular  demand  should  be  made  that  the  content  of  Sodium 
Sulphate  (Na2SO4)  and  of  Sodium  Carbonate  (Na2CO3)  be  small.  These  im- 
purities, if  present  in  sufficient  amount,  will  not  dissolve  in  the  strong  caustic 
solution  required  for  the  process.  We  recommend  for  mercerizing  our  76% 
Solvay  Caustic  Soda,  which  we  carefully  prepare  for  the  mercerizing  trade. 

The  impurities  named  above  are  also  most  objectionable  in  cotton  printing, 
as  solid  crystals  of  Sulphate  or  Carbonate  will  remain  in  suspension  if  low- 
grade  caustic  be  used  and  cause  much  annoyance  and  trouble. 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N 


Soda  as  a  Cleansing  Agent 

THE  use  of  soda  as  a  direct  cleansing  agent  is  of  growing  importance. 
In   both   economy  and   efficiency  it   has   many  advantages   over   soap 
in  those  operations  where  the  foreign  matter  to  be  removed  consists  of 
oils,  fats  or  greases  which  are  either  saponifiable  or  emulsifiable  in  solutions  of 
soda,  or  where  the  foreign  matter  is  directly  soluble  in  soda  solutions  and  the 
lubrication  afforded  by  soap  is  not  essential.     In  many  instances  the  soapy 
residue,  which  is  always  left  on  articles  cleansed  with  soap,  is  objectionable,  and 
the  use  of  soda  is  consequently  found  much  more  satisfactory.     In  addition, 
much  more  soap  than  soda  is  required  to  remove  a  given  amount  of  foreign  mat- 
ter in  many  cases. 

For  cleansing  purposes,  soda  ash,  caustic  soda,  and  several  forms  of  modified 
sodas  are  used.  Soda  ash  and  caustic  soda  are  so  well  known  as  to  need  no 
explanation. 

The  modified  sodas  are  of  three  kinds, — first,  those  containing  a  mixture 
of  caustic  soda  and  soda  ash;  second,  those  containing  a  mixture  of  bicarbonate 
of  soda  and  soda  ash;  and  third,  a  chemical  combination  of  bicarbonate  with 
soda  ash. 

Those  mixtures  containing  caustic  soda  are  known  as  causticized  ash,  and 
are  placed  on  the  market  in  mixtures  bearing  from  10  to  45  per  cent,  of  caustic 
soda.  This  class  of  cleansing  soda  is  intended  for  use  in  mechanical  cleansing 
operations  in  which  the  operator  does  not  come  in  contact  with  the  product, 
and  in  which  caustic  soda  is  too  strong  an  alkali  to  be  used.  Among  the  uses  of 
causticized  ash  may  be  mentioned  bottle  washing  for  milk,  beer,  wine,  soft- 
drink  and  other  kinds  of  bottles  in  soaking  or  washing  machines.  It  is  used  ex- 
tensively also  for  cleaning  apparatus  in  the  dairy  and  food  products  industries 
where  the  apparatus  is  such  that  it  will  not  be  destroyed  or  attacked  by  the 
caustic  alkali. 

The  mixtures  or  chemical  combinations  of  bicarbonate  and  soda  ash  are 
used  in  the  cleansing  of  fine  textile  fabrics,  in  laundry  work,  and  in  cloth  finish- 
ing. Modified  sodas  are  especially  efficient  for  this  work  because  a  maximum 
cleaning  action  is  obtained  with  a  minimum  attack  on  the  goods  cleansed. 
These  sodas,  properly  made,  are  much  more  soluble  in  water  than  soda  ash,  and 
greatly  increase  the  solubility  of  soap,  thereby  facilitating  the  rinsing  of  soap 
from  goods  cleansed  with  soap.  Modified  soda  mixtures  are  made  in  varying 
proportions  to  meet  the  conditions  of  the  operations  in  which  they  are  to  be  used. 

The  modified  soda  which  is  a  chemical  combination  of  bicarbonate  with 
soda  ash  is  of  a  special  class  known  as  sesqui-carbonate  of  soda,  and  is  sold  by 
this  Company  under  the  name  of  Solvay  Snow  Flake  Crystals.  It  has  some  ad- 

=  H 

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=  H 

THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


vantages  over  the  other  forms  of  modified  sodas  in  that  it  has  a  uniform  com- 
position, dissolves  much  more  readily,  and  will  not  absorb  moisture  in  storage, 
thus  avoiding  objectionable  caking  and  hardening.  This  product  has  a  definite 
chemical  composition  of  Na2CO3,  NaHCO3,  2H2O. 

Mixtures  of  modified  sodas  containing  a  small  proportion  of  bicarbonate 
are  used  in  the  hand-cleansing  operations  in  dairies  and  bottling  works,  and  in 
dishwashing  machines.  This  form  of  soda  is  especially  adapted  for  cleansing 
tile  and  marble  floors,  which,  if  cleansed  with  soap,  are  left  with  a  darkened 
appearance  and  made  very  slippery.  Modified  soda  of  this  nature  is  also  very 
useful  for  cleansing  unfinished  wood  floors;  it  does  not  darken  the  floor,  nor 
does  it  collect  in  the  cracks  between  the  boards  and  become  rancid,  developing 
an  unpleasant  odor,  as  soap  does  when  used  for  this  purpose. 

Both  the  chemical  compound,  Solvay  Snow  Flake  Crystals  and  the  bi- 
carbonate mixtures  are  especially  satisfactory  in  general  household  cleansing, 
such  as  the  cleaning  of  white  enameled  sinks,  sanitary  fixtures,  refrigerators, 
washing  of  dishes,  and  in  general  laundry  work. 

Another  product  closely  related  to  these  modified  sodas  is  mono-hydrate  of 
soda,  which  is  sodium  carbonate  crystallized  with  one  molecule  of  water.  This 
is  especially  adapted  to  textile  cleansing  where  energetic  action  is  desired,  and 
where  the  impurities  found  in  commercial  soda  ash  are  objectionable. 

See  our  booklet  on  Metal  Cleansing,  a  practical  treatise  on  Shop  Cleaning 
Methods;  also  our  booklet  on  "Snow  Flake  Crystals." 


OFFICE  OF   THE  SOLVAY  PROCESS  CO.,   DETROIT.   MICH.      PLANT   IN   BACKGROUND 


Hi i iiiiiiiini in i iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii inn iiimii nun IIIIIIKI ii Hiniiiiiiiiiin nil mil IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH in I i minimum 11 inn I miiiiiiimii n n nnniuiiiiiiiir- 

1C 


, 

THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,         N.Y. 


Calcium  Chloride- -Refrigerant 

CALCIUM  CHLORIDE  for  ten  years  past  has  occupied  the  dominant 
place  as  a  refrigerating  medium.  The  cheapness  of  common  salt  has 
been  unable  to  offset  its  disadvantages,  for  cheapness  in  first  cost  is  the 
only  merit  possessed  by  salt  as  a  refrigerant. 

Common  salt  brine  corrodes  iron  pipes  so  freely  that  resulting  leakage,  re- 
pairs and  delays  soon  more  than  offset  the  low  first  cost  of  salt. 

In  addition,  the  use  of  calcium  chloride  allows  much  lower  temperatures 
to  be  used,  resulting  in  higher  efficiency  all  along  the  line.  Smaller  volumes  are 
circulated,  which  results  in  a  saving  of  power  and  there  is  no  danger  of  crystals 
separating  out,  thereby  reducing  the  transfer  of  heat  into  the  cooling  medium— 
upon  which  depends  the  efficiency  of  any  system. 

Moreover,  common  salt  used  for  refrigeration  or  for  ice  making  often  con- 
tains magnesium  chloride,  and  this  accelerates  the  normal  corrosion  caused  by 
the  sodium  chloride.  We  give  on  page  30  a  table  showing  the  freezing  points 
of  common  salt  brine  of  different  specific  gravities,  and  also  the  freezing  points 
of  Solvay  75%  calcium  chloride  solutions  of  different  specific  gravities.  From 
the  figures  given  there,  the  amount  of  Solvay  calcium  chloride  required  per 
gallon  of  water  for  any  desired  freezing  point  may  be  calculated. 

Solvay  calcium  chloride  is  guaranteed  to  be  free  from  magnesium  chloride 
and  to  contain  73%  to  75%  calcium  chloride. 

Freedom  from  magnesium  chloride  is  of  prime  importance.  With  magnesium 
chloride  present,  a  leakage  of  ammonia  into  the  brine  means  a  precipitation  of 
magnesium  hydrate  with  resulting  scaling  and  clogging  of  pipes.  It  means  also 
the  formation  of  ammonium  chloride,  or  sal-ammoniac,  which  is  strongly  cor- 
rosive, especially  in  the  presence  of  air.  On  the  other  hand,  a  leakage  of  am- 
monia into  pure  calcium  chloride  produces  no  effect,  as  ammonia  is  soluble  in  a 
pure  calcium  chloride  solution. 

The  following  analyses  represent  the  average  composition  of  Solvay  75% 
calcium  chloride  and  calcium  magnesium  chlorides  found  on  the  market: 


Solvay  75% 
Calcium 
Chloride 

Calcium  Magnesium 
Chlorides 

A 

B 

Calcium  Chloride,  CaCl2  

73-59 

i-45 
o.oo 

.07 

43-70 

1.88 
18.80 
.48 

46.26 
I  .46 
18.98 
.20 

Sodium  Chloride  (Salt),  NaCl  

Magnesium  Chloride,  MgCl2  

Insoluble  in  water  

Total  Solids  

75-n 
24*89 

64.86 
35-14 

66.90 

33-io 

Water  

Total  

IOO.OO 

IOO.OO 

IOO.OO 

THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


On  page  30  is  given  a  table,  showing  the  freezing  points  obtained  with 
equal  weights  of  Solvay  75%  calcium  chloride  and  calcium  magnesium  chloride, 
of  which  the  analysis  is  given  above,  together  with  the  increased  quantity  of  the 
calcium  magnesium  chloride  required  to  produce  the  same  freezing  point  as  that 
of  Solvay  calcium  chloride  brine. 

Solvay  75%  calcium  chloride  gives  the  same  freezing  point  with  10%  to 
15%  less  weight  of  calcium  chloride  per  gallon.  In  other  words,  100  Ibs.  will  do 
the  work  of  no  to  115  Ibs.  of  calcium  magnesium  chloride. 

By  the  continued  action  of  air,  any  refrigerating  brine  will  finally  become 
acid  and  this,  of  course,  greatly  increases  its  corrosive  properties,  and  a  feature 
of  Solvay  calcium  chloride  is  the  ease  with  which  an  acid  condition  can  be  cor- 
rected. This  is  done  by  simply  hanging  a  bag  containing  a  few  lumps  of  slaked 
lime  in  the  brine  tank,  preferably  near  the  return  pipe. 

A  brine  containing  magnesium  chloride  cannot  be  corrected  in  this  way,  as 
lime  would  precipitate  magnesium  hydrate. 

We  have  here  noted  only  the  salient  points  which  have  given  true  calcium 
chloride  its  pre-eminent  place  as  a  refrigerant.  For  a  more  extended  treatment 
of  the  subject,  we  refer  those  interested  to  our  booklet  "Solvay  75%  Calcium 
Chloride,"  which  will  be  gladly  sent  on  request. 


Solvay  Granulated  Calcium  Chloride 

' '  A  Natural  Dust  Layer  ' ' 

This  product  is  a  clean  chemical  salt,  odorless  and  colorless  and  without 
effect  on  rubber. 

These  properties,  together  with  its  capacity  to  absorb  moisture  from  the 
air,  make  it  a  highly  effective  and  desirable  dust-layer  for  road  work.  If  inter- 
ested, please  write  for  our  booklet,  "Solvay  Granulated  Calcium  Chloride." 


fSiini iiiiniiiiiiiiiii iiniiiiiini mini iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiiniiiniiii i inn iniiiiiiiiii iiiintiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii i iniiiiii i nniiiii iiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii IIIIIIHI I minimum imimiimimimimimiin- 

27 


piiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiHiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiim 


PLANT  OF  THE  SOLVAY  PROCESS  CO.,  SYRACUSE,   N.    Y..   1886 


iiuiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiuiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu^ 

98 


PLANT  OF 
THE   SOLVAY   PROCESS   COMPANY 

SYRACUSE,   N.  Y. 
1916 


w 

29 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY 


SYRACUSE 


N 


TABLE  III 
Common  Salt  Brine  at  60°   Fahrenheit 


Degrees 

Degrees 

Specific 

Per  Cent. 

Weight  of 

Weight  of  One 

Freezing 

Baume' 

Salometer 

Gravity 

Salt 

One  Gallon 

Cubic  Foot 

Point 

5 

2O 

1037 

5 

8.7 

64.7 

25-  4°  F. 

10 

40 

1073 

10 

9.0              67.0            1  8.  6 

15 

60 

IH5 

15 

9-3             69.6 

12.2 

19 

80 

1150 

20 

9.6 

71-8 

6.9 

23 

TOO 

.IIQI 

25 

9-9 

74-3 

I  .0 

The  following  table  gives  the  strength  and  freezing  points  of  Solvay  75% 
Calcium  Chloride  Solutions: — 


Sp.  Gr.  @  68°  F. 

Lbs.  75%  Solvay 
Cal.  Chi.  per  Gal. 

Lbs.  75%  Solvay 
Cal.  Chi.  per  Cu.  Ft. 

Freezing  Point 
0  Fahr. 

IIOO 
1125 
1150 

I  .46 

1.83 
2.  2O 

10.9 

13-7 
I6.5 

+  18.0 

+  12.5 
+  6.5 

H75 

2-59 

19.4 

-    2.O 

I2OO 
1225 
1250 

2.99 
3-38 

3-75 

22.4 

25-3 
28.3 

-12-5 
-23.5 

-36-5 

TABLE  IV 


Freezing  Points  of  Brine  Made  with  Equal  Weights  of  Solvay 
and  of  Calcium  Magnesium  Chlorides 


Lbs. 
per  Gal. 


Sp.  Gr.  at 
65°  F. 


Freezing 
Point 


Solvay  75%  Calcium  Chloride 3.0  1202 

Calcium  Magnesium  Chloride,  A 3.0  1175 

Calcium  Magnesium  Chloride,  B 3.0  H74 

Calcium   Magnesium  Chloride,  A,  to  give  same 

freezing  point  as  Solvay I  3 . 27          1 189 

Calcium  Magnesium  Chloride,   B,  to  give   same 

freezing  point  as  Solvay 3-27 

Solvay  75%  Calcium  Chloride 3.5 

Calcium  Magnesium  Chloride,  A 3.5 

Calcium  Magnesium  Chloride,  B |  3.5 

Calcium  Magnesium  Chloride,  A,   to  give   same 

freezing  point  as  Solvay 3 .96          1220 

Calcium  Magnesium  Chloride,  B,   to  give  same 

freezing  point  as  Solvay 3-89          1222 


-i2.5°F. 

-6.0° 

-7.0° 

-12.5° 

-12-5° 
-28° 

-19° 
-19° 

-28° 
—28° 


HiHimiiiiiiiim 111 i 111 iiiiiiiiii inn inn. minium iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiinii in i u iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilini mini minium I iiiiiiiiiiiiini IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIII iiiiiini iiinniii II 

If) 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


TABLE  V 


Solubility  of  Soda  Salts 


Temperature 

SODIUM 
CARBONATE 
DRY 

SODIUM 
MONOHYDRATE 

SAL 
SODA 

SODIUM 
BI- 
CARBONATE 

CAUSTIC 
SODA 

Na2CO3 

Na2CO3.H2O 

Na2CO3.ioH2O 

NaHCO3 

NaOH 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Per 

In 

Per 

In 

Per 

In 

Per 

In 

Per 

In 

°C 

op 

IOO 

IOO 

IOO 

IOO 

IOO 

IOO 

IOO 

IOO 

IOO 

IOO 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Parts 

Water 

Solution 

Water 

Solution 

Water 

Solution 

Water 

Solution 

Water 

Sol. 

0° 

32° 

7-i 

6.6 

8-3 

7.6 

19.2 

16.1 

6.9 

6-5 

5 

41 

9-5 

8.7 

II  .  I 

IO.O 

25-7 

20.5 

7-5 

7.0 

10 

50 

12.6 

II  .2 

H-7 

12.8 

34-0 

25-4 

8.2 

7-5 

15 

59 

16.5 

14.2 

19-3 

16.2 

44-5 

30.9 

8-9 

8.2 

20 

68 

21-5 

17.7 

25.2 

20.  1 

58.1 

36.7 

9.6 

8.8 

IO9 

52.2 

25 

77 

28.2 

22.  O 

33-0 

24.8 

76.1 

43-2 

10.4       9.4 

30 

86 

37-8 

27.4 

44-2 

30.7 

IO2.  I 

50.5 

II  .  I        IO.O 

119 

54-3 

32-5 

90-5 

46.2 

31-6 

54-i      35-i 

124.7 

55-5 

35 

95 

46.2 

31-6 

54-i      35-i 

124.7 

55-5      ii.  9 

10.6 

40 

104 

46.  i 

31-5 

53-9 

35-0 

124-5 

55-4 

12.7 

H-3 

129 

56.3 

60 

140 

46.0 

31-5 

53-8     35-0 

124.2 

55-4 

16.4 

13-8 

174 

63-5 

80 

176 

45-8 

31-4 

53-6 

34-8 

123.7 

55-3 

313 

75-8 

IOO 

212 

45-5 

31-3 

53-2 

34-7 

122.9 

55-i 

105 

221 

45-2 

31-1 

52.9 

34-6 

122.  O 

55-0 

IIO 

230 

365 

78-5 

192 

378 

521 

83-9 

Note:     Figures  for  Sodium  Carbonate  taken  from  "Solubilities  of  Inorganic  and  Organic  Substances"  by 
Seidell,  p.  296.     Figures  for  Sodium  Hydrate  from  Pickering,  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.,  63,  890,  1893. 

The  solubility  of  sodium  carbonate  in  water  increases  from  o°  C.  up  to  a 
temperature  somewhere  between  31°  C.  and  35°  C.,  at  which  point  it  becomes 
practically  constant. 

When  sodium  carbonate  is  dissolved  in  water,  various  hydrates  may  be 
formed.  Ketner,  in  Zeitschrift  fur  Physikalische  Chemie,  Vol.  39,  page  645, 
states  that  up  to  a  temperature  of  31.85°  C.  the  carbonate  exists  in  solution  as 
Na2CO3,ioH2O;  between  31.85°  and  35.1°  it  exists  as  Na2CO3,7H2O,  and 
above  35.1  as  Na2CO3,H2O. 

The  above  table  shows  the  solubility  of  dry  Na2CO3  in  water,  and  sodium 
carbonate  calculated  as  mono-hydrate  and  deca-hydrate.  The  two  hydrates  are 
shown  for  all  temperatures  of  the  table,  although  the  mono-hydrate  does  not 
actually  exist  in  solution  at  the  lower  temperatures,  and  the  deca-hydrate  does  not 
exist  at  the  higher  temperatures. 

The  solubility  of  Sodium  Hydrate  below  15°  or  20°  C.  is  dependent  on  the 
particular  hydrate  formed,  and  since  figures  for  those  low  temperatures  are  not 
commercially  important,  they  are  here  omitted. 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


TABLE  VI 


Specific  Gravity  of  Solutions  of  Sodium  Carbonate 


AT  15°  C.  (59 


Specific 
Gravity 

Degrees 
Baum6 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Per  cent 
by  Weight 

i  Litre  Contains 
Grams 

TOO  Gallons  Contain 
Pounds 

Na2CO3 

Na2CO3  + 
ioH2O 

Na2CO3 

Na2CO3  + 
ioH2O 

Na2CO3 

NazCO3+ 
ioH2O 

I  .OO7 

I 

1.4 

0.67 

I.8I 

6.8 

18.2 

5-6 

15-2 

I  .OI4 

2 

2.8 

i-33         3-59 

13-5 

36.4 

H-3 

30-4 

I  .022 

3 

4.4 

2.09 

5.64 

21.4 

57-6 

17.8 

48.0 

I  .029 

4 

5-8 

2.76 

7-44 

28.4 

76.6 

23-7 

63-9 

1.036 

5 

7.2 

3-43 

9-25 

35-5 

95-8 

29.6 

79-9 

1.045 

6 

9.0 

4.29 

ii.  6 

44-8 

120.9 

37-3 

ioo.  8 

1.052 

7 

IO.4 

4-94 

13-3 

52.0 

140.2 

43-4 

116.9 

I  .O6O 

8 

12.  O 

5-71 

15-4 

60.5 

163.2 

50.5 

136.1 

1.067 

9 

13-4 

6-37 

17.2 

68.0 

183-3 

56.7 

152.9 

1-075 

10 

15.0 

7.  12 

19.2 

76.5 

206.4 

63-8 

172.  1 

1.083 

n 

16.6 

7.88 

21.3 

85-3 

230.2 

71.1 

192.0 

I  .091 

12 

18.2 

8.62 

23.2 

94.0 

253-6 

78.4 

211.5 

I  .  IOO 

13 

20.  o 

9-43 

25-4 

103.7 

279.8 

86.5 

233.4 

I.I08 

H 

21.6 

IO.2 

27-5 

112.9 

304-5 

94-2 

253.9 

1  .  116 

15 

23.2 

IO.9 

29-5 

122.2 

329.6 

101  .9 

274.8 

1.125 

16 

25.0 

ii.  8 

3i-9 

132.9 

358.3 

no.  8 

298.8 

I-I34 

17 

26.8 

12.6 

34-o 

143.0       385.7 

II9-3 

321.7 

i  .  142 

18 

28.4 

13.5 

35-5 

150.3       405.3 

125.4 

338.0 

1.152 

19 

30.4 

14.2 

38.4 

164.  I 

442.4 

136.9 

369.0 

uiiuinmiiiiiHiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiM 


in  ::l 


"BAUME. 


iiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini inniiiiiiii iiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinni i iinnii nun i iiiiiiiniiiii i i mini mi inn in in i iiiiniiiiiiiiiini i iniiiiinn i iiniiiiiiiiiinii inn i m 


THE   SOLVAY   PROCESS   COMPANY,   SYRACUSE    N.   Y. 


TABLE  VII 

Specific  Gravity  of  Solutions  of  Pure  Caustic  Soda 

AT  15°  C.     (59°  F.) 


Specific 
Gravity 

Degrees 
Baume" 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Per  cent 
Actual 
Alkali 
Na20 

Per  cent 
Caustic 
Soda 
NaOH 

i  Litre  Contains 
Grams 

ioo  Gallons  Contain 
Pounds 

Actual 
Alkali 
Na20 

Caustic 
Soda 
NaOH 

Actual 
Alkali 
Na20 

Caustic 
Soda 
NaOH 

I  .007 

I 

i-4 

0.47 

0.61 

4 

6 

3-34 

5-oo 

I  .OI4 

2 

2.8 

0-93 

1  .20 

9 

12 

7-51 

10.00 

I  .022 

3 

4.4 

i-55 

2.OO 

16 

21           13-34 

17-51 

I  .029 

4 

5-8 

2.  IO    1          2.71 

22 

28        18.35 

23-35 

1.036 

5 

7-2 

2.6O 

3-35 

27 

35 

22.52 

29.19 

1.045 

6 

9.0       3.10 

4.00 

32 

42 

26.69 

35-03 

1.052 

7 

10.4         3.60 

4.64 

38 

49 

31.69 

40.87 

I  .O6O 

8 

12.  0             4-IO 

5-29           43 

56 

35-86 

46.70 

I  .067 

9 

13-4         4-55 

5-87           49 

63 

40.87 

52-54 

1-075 

10 

15.0 

5.08 

6-55 

55 

70 

45-87 

58.38 

1.083 

ii 

16.6         5.67 

7-3i 

61 

79 

50.87 

65.89 

I  .O9I 

12                18.2             6.20 

8  .  oo           68 

87 

56.71 

72.56 

I  .  IOO 

13                20.0             6.73 

8.68 

74 

95 

61  .72 

79-23 

1.108 

14            21.6          7.30 

9.42 

81 

104 

67-55 

86-74 

i  .  116 

15 

23  .  2         7  .  80 

10.06 

87 

112 

72.56 

93-40 

1.125 

16 

25.0 

8.50 

10.97 

96 

123 

80.06 

102.58 

I-I34 

17          26.8        9.18       11.84 

104 

134 

86.74 

III  .76 

i  .  142 

1  8            28.4          9.80        12.64 

112 

144 

93-41 

120.  10 

1.152 

19        30.4     10.50     13.55 

121 

156 

100.91 

130.  10 

i  .  162 

20 

32.4       11.14       H-37 

129 

I67 

107-59 

139.28 

i  .  171 

21 

34.2        11.73        I5-I3 

137 

177 

114.26 

147.62 

1.180 

22                36.0           12.33 

I5-9I 

146 

188 

121  .76 

156.79 

i  .  190 

23                38.0           13.00           16.77 

155 

200 

129.27 

166.80 

i  .200 

24                40.0           13-70           I7-67 

164             212 

136.78 

176.81 

i  .210 

25 

42.0 

14.40 

18.58 

174 

225 

145.12 

187.65 

III i minimi iiiimi mini mini uiininiiii niiiinnnniiiiii in iiiiinn mini mm mi uinnnuniiinniiiiinnnnni mm in nm mini in mini in n iiminn mn i mm mm imimimi iininii iminnnmimmmiiniinni 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,        SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


TABLE  VII   (Continued) 


Specific  Gravity  of  Solutions  of  Pure  Caustic  Soda 


AT  15°  C.   (59°  F.) 


Specific 
Gravity 

Degrees 
Baume" 

Degrees 
Twaddle 

Per  cent 
Actual 
Alkali 
Na2O 

Per  cent 
Caustic 
Soda 
NaOH 

I  Litre  Contains 
Grams 

100  Gallons  Contain 
Pounds 

Actual 
Alkali 
Na2O 

Caustic 
Soda 
NaOH 

Actual 
Alkali 
Na2O 

Caustic 
Soda 
NaOH 

I  .220 

26 

44.0 

I5.I8 

19-58 

185 

239 

I54-29 

199-33 

I.23I 

27                46.2 

15.96 

20-59 

196 

253 

163.46 

2  I  I  .  OO 

I  .241 

28                48.2 

16.76 

21  .42 

208 

266 

173-47 

221.84 

1.252 

29                50.4           17.55          22.64 

22O 

283 

183.48 

236.O2 

1.263 

30                52.6 

18.35          23.67 

232 

299        193-49 

249-37 

1.274 

31 

54-8 

19.23          24.81 

245 

316       204.33        263.54 

1.285 

32                57.0          2O.OO          25.80 

257 

332     214.34  :  276.88 

1.297 

33           59.4       20.80       26.83 

270 

348     225.18     290.23 

1.308 

34           61.6       21.55        27.80 

282 

364     235.19     303-58 

1.320 

35 

64.0 

22.35 

28.83 

295 

38i 

246.03 

317.75 

1-332 

36           66.4       23.20       29.93 

309 

399 

257-7I        332.77 

1-345 

37           69.0 

24.20 

31.22 

326 

420     271.88  l  350.28 

1-357 

38           71.4       25.17        32.47 

342 

441      285.23     367-79 

1.370 

39           74.0       26.12       33.69 

359 

462     299.41      385-31 

1-383 

40           76.6       27.  10       34.96 

375 

483     312-75  '  402-82 

' 

1-397 

4i            79-4 

28.10 

36.25 

392 

506     326.92 

422  .  oo 

i  .410 

42           82.0       29.05 

37-47 

410 

528     341.94 

440.35 

1.424 

43           84.8       30.08 

38.80 

428 

553     356.95 

461  .20 

1-438 

44           87.6       31.00 

39-99 

446 

575     i37i-96 

479-55 

J-453 

45           90.6       32.10 

41.41 

466 

602     388.64     502.07 

1.468 

46           93-6       33-20 

42-83 

487 

629     406.  16      524.58 

1-483 

47           96.6     |  34.40 

44-38 

5io 

658 

425-34 

548.77 

1.498 

48 

99.6 

35-70 

46.15 

535 

691      446.19 

576-29 

I-5H 

49 

102.8 

36.90 

47.60 

559 

721      466.21 

601.31 

1-530 

50 

106.0 

38.00 

49-02 

58i 

750 

484-55 

625  .  50 

Illlill  III 


"8AUME. 


AJ.IAVUO       OUIOldS 


M mi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiii niiiiiiii inn mi i inn mil i HUM m iiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiinii niiiiiiiiiiiniiii 1111 HI mil 11 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii inn iiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimii 

36 


VIEW  IN  THE  CHEMICAL  RESEARCH  LABORATORY,  SYRACUSE,  N.  Y. 


A  CORNER  OF  THE  CHEMICAL  RESEARCH  LABORATORY,  SYRACUSE,  N.  Y. 


iiiniiiuiiiiiiiiniuiiiiiiiiiiiiKiniiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 

37 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY          SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


TABLE  VIII 


Equivalent  Prices  for  Soda  Ash  (Basis  48%) 


Price  per 
100  Ibs. 
48  Per 
Cent. 

Price  per  100 
Ibs. 
58  Per  Cent. 

Price  per  Ton. 
(2,240  Ibs.) 
48  Per  Cent. 

Price  per  Ton. 
(2,240  Ibs.) 
58  Per  Cent. 

Price  per  1000 
Kilos. 
(2,204.6  Ibs.) 
48  Per  Cent. 

Price  per  1000 
Kilos. 
(2,204.6  Ibs.) 
58  Per  Cent. 

$    .01 

$     .OI2I 

$       .224 

$       .2706 

$       .2205 

$       .  2664 

.02 

.O242 

.448 

•5413 

.4409 

-5328 

•03 

.0362 

.672 

.8120 

.6614 

.7992 

.04 

•0483 

.896 

1.0826 

.8818 

I  .0656 

•05 

.0604 

I  .  120 

1-3533 

I  .  IO23 

I.33I9 

.06 

.0725 

1-344 

i  .  6240 

1.3228 

I  •  5983 

.07 

.0846 

1.568 

i  .  8946 

I  •  5432 

I  .  8647 

.08 

.0966 

1.792 

2.1653 

I  .  7637 

2.I3II 

.09 

.1087 

2.016 

2.4360 

I  .9841 

2-3975 

.  IO 

.1208 

2.240 

2  .  7066 

2  .  2046 

2  .  6639 

•  15 

.1812 

3-36o 

4  .  0600 

3.3069 

3-9958 

.20 

.2417 

4.480 

5-4I33 

4.4092 

5-3278 

•  25 

.3021 

5.600 

6.7666 

5.5II5 

6-6597 

•  30 

•3625 

6.720 

8.  I2OO 

6.6138 

7.9917 

•35 

.4229 

7.840 

9-4733 

7.7I6I 

9.3236 

.40 

•4833 

8.960 

10.8266 

8.8184 

10.6556 

•45 

•5437 

10.080 

I  2  .  I  8OO 

9.9207 

11.9875 

•50 

.6042 

i  i  .  200 

13-5333 

II  .O23O 

I3-3I94 

•55 

.6646 

12.320 

14.8866 

12.1253 

14.6514 

.60 

.7250 

13.440 

16.2400 

13.2276 

I5-9833 

•65 

•7854 

14.560 

17-5933 

14.3299 

I7-3I53 

.70 

.8458 

15.680 

i  8  .  9466 

I5-4322 

18.6472 

•75 

.9062 

16.800 

20  .  3000 

16.5345 

19.9792 

.80 

.9666 

17.920 

21.6533 

17-6368 

21  .3111 

•85 

i  .0271 

I  Q  .  040 

23  .  0066 

18.7391 

22.6431 

.90 

1.0875 

20.  160 

24  .  3600 

19.8415 

23.9750 

•95 

i  .  1479 

21  .280 

25-7I33 

20.9437 

25.3070 

i  .00 

i  .  2083 

22  .  4OO 

27  .  0666 

22  .  0460 

26.6389 

1.05 

1.2687 

23.520 

28  .  4200 

23.1483 

27.9708 

I  .  IO 

1.3292 

24  .  640 

29-7733 

24  .  25O6 

29  .  3O28 

1-15 

1.3896 

25  •  760 

31  .  1266 

25.3529 

30.6348 

I  .20 

1.4500 

26.880 

32  .  4800 

26.4552 

31.9667 

1-25 

1.5104 

28  .  ooo 

33-8333 

27-5575 

33  •  2986 

1.30 

1.5708 

29.  I  20 

35.1866 

28.6598 

34.6306 

i-35 

1.6312 

30.240 

36.5400 

29.7621 

35-9625 

^iiiiiiiiHiinninimiimiiniiiHiiiiiiniiiiiiiHiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiim 

38 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N. 


TABLE  IX 


Equivalent  Prices  for  Caustic  Soda,  per  100  Lbs, 

(Basis  60%) 


Price  per  100  Ibs. 
60  Per  Cent. 

Price  per  100  Ibs. 
70  Per  Cent. 

Price  per  100  Ibs. 
74  Per  Cent. 

Price  per  100  Ibs. 
76  Per  Cent. 

$    .01 
.02 

•03 
.04 

•05 

$     .0117 
•0233 

•0350 
.0467 

.0583 

$     .0123 
.0246 
.0370 

•0493 
.0617 

$    .0127 
•0253 
.0380 

0507 
•0633 

.06 

.07 
.08 
.09 
.10 

.07OO 
.0817 

•0933 
.1050 
.1167 

.0740 
.0863 
.0987 
.  IIOO 
•1233 

.0760 
.0887 
.1013 
.  II4O 
.1267 

•  15 

.20 

•25 
-30 
.40 

1750 

•2333 
.2916 
•3500 
.4667 

.1850 
.2467 
.3083 
•3700 

•4933 

.  I9OO 

•2533 
.3167 
.3800 
•5067 

•50 
.60 
.70 
.80 

•  QO 

-5833 
.7OOO 
.8167 

•9333 
i  .  0500 

.6167 
.7400 

•8633 
.9867 

I  .  IIOO 

•6333 
.76OO 
.8867 
I-OI33 
I  .  I4OO 

i  .00 

I.  10 
I  .20 
1.30 
I  .40 

i  .  1667 
1.2833 
i  .  4000 
1.5167 
1.6333 

1.2333 
1.3567 

I  .  4800 

1.6033 
1.7267 

I  .  2667 

1-3933 
i  .  5200 
i  .  6467 
1-7733 

1.50 
I  .60 
1.70 
I.  80 
I  .QO 

i  .  7500 
i  .  8667 
1.9833 

2.  IOOO 
2.2167 

I  .  8500 
1-9733 

2  .  0967 
2.22OO 
2-3433 

i  .  9000 
2.0267 
2-1533 

2  .  28OO 
2  .  4067 

2.OO 
2.  10 
2.  2O 
2.30 
2.4O 

2-3333 
2.4500 

2  -  5667 
2.6833 
2  .  8OOO 

2  .  4667 
2  -  5900 

2.7133 
2.8367 
2  .  9600 

2-5333 
2  .  66OO 
2.7867 

2.9133 
3.0400 

2.50 
2.6O 
2.7O 
2.80 
2.9O 

2.9167 

3-0333 
3.I500 

3  •  2667 

3-3833 

3-0833 

3  .  2067 

3.3300 
3.4533 
3.5767 

3.1667 

3-2933 
3.4200 

3.5467 
3.6733 

3.00 

3  •  5000 

3  .  7000 

3  .  8000 

siiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiililim 

39 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


TABLE  X 

Equivalent  Prices  for  Caustic  Soda  by  Tons  (Basis  60%) 


Price  per  100  Ibs. 
60  Per 

Cent. 

Price  per  Ton. 
(2,240  Ibs.) 
60  Per  Cent. 

Price  per  Ton. 
(2,240  Ibs.) 
70  Per  Cent. 

Price  per  Ton. 
(2,240  Ibs.) 
74  Per  Cent. 

Price  per  Ton. 
(2,240  Ibs.) 
76  Per  Cent. 

$    .01 
.02 

•03 
.04 
.05 

$       .224 
.448 
.672 
.896 
I  .  1  2O 

$       .261 

•523 
.784 
1.045 
1.307 

$       .276 

•552 
.829 
I.I05 
I.38I 

$        -284- 

-567 
.851 
I-I35 
I.4I9 

.06 
.07 
.08 
.09 
.  IO 

1-344 
1.568 
1.792 
2.016 
2.240 

1.568 
1.829 
2.O9I 

2.352 
2.613 

1.658 

1-934 

2.  22O 
2.486 
2.764 

I  .702 
1.986 
2.27O 

2-554 
2.837 

•  15 

.20 

•  25 
.30 
.40 

3-36o 
4.480 
5.600 
6.720 
8.960 

3.920 

5-227 

6-533 
7.840 

10-453 

4.144 

5.525 
6.907 
8.288 
11.051 

4-256 
5-675 
7-093 

8.512 

H-349 

•  50 
.60 
.70 
.80 
.90 

i  i  .  200 
13.440 
15.680 
17.920 
20.  160 

13.068 
15.680 
18.293 
2O  .  907 
23.520 

I3-8I3 
16.576 

I9-338 
22.  IOO 
24  .  864 

14.187 
17.024 
19.861 

22  .  698 
25.536 

I.  00 
I  .  IO 

1  .20 
1.30 

1  .40 

22  .  4OO 
24  .  640 
26.880 
29.  I2O 
31.360 

26.133 
28.747 
31.360 

33-973 
36.587 

27.626 
30.389 
33-I52 

35-9I4 
38.677 

28-373 
31  .2IO 

34-048 
36.885 
39.722 

1.50 

1  .60 
1  .70 
1.  80 
1  .90 

33.600 
35.840 
38  .  080 
40.320 
42  .  560 

39  .  200 
41.813 
44.427 
47.040 
49-653 

41.440 
44.2O2 

46.965 
49.728 

52.490 

42.560 

45-397 
48-234 
51.072 

53-909 

2.OO 
2.  IO 
2.  2O 
2.30 
2.4O 

44  .  800 
47.040 
49  .  280 
5I-520 
53.76o 

52  .  267 
54.880 

57-493 
60.  106 
62  .  720 

55-253 
58.016 

60.777 
63-540 

66  .  304 

56.747 

59-584 
62.421 

65-258 
68.0Q6 

2.50 
2.6O 
2.7O 
2.80 

2.  go 

56  .  ooo 

58  .  240 

60  .  480 
62.720 
64  .  960 

65-333 
67.946 
70.560 
73-173 

75-787 

69  .  067 

71.828 

74-594 
77-355 
80.117 

70.933 
73.770 

76  .  607 

79-445 

82.282 

3.00 

67  .  2OO 

78  .  400 

82.880 

85.120 

liiiiiiiHiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiumiiiuiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim 

40 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N. 


TABLE  XI 

Equivalent  Prices  for  Caustic  Soda  by  Kilos  (Basis  60%) 


Price  per 
100  Ibs. 
60  Per 
Cent. 

Price  per  1000 
Kilos. 
(2,204.6  Ibs.) 
60  Per  Cent. 

Price  per  1000 
Kilos. 
(2,204.6  Ibs.) 
70  Per  Cent. 

Price  per  1000 
Kilos. 
(2,204.6  Ibs.) 
74  Per  Cent. 

Price  per  1000 
Kilos. 
(2,204.6  Ibs.) 
76  Per  Cent. 

$    .01 
.02 

•03 
.04 

•05 

$       .2205 
.4409 
.6614 

.8818 
I  .  IO23 

$       .2572 

•5H4 
.7716 

1.0288 
I  .  2860 

$       .2719 
•5438 

.8157 
1.0876 

1-3595 

$       -2793 
.5585 
.8378 
I.II70 

1.3963 

.06 
.07 
.08 
.09 
.IO 

I  .3228 

1-5432 
1.7637 
1.9841 
2  .  2046 

1-5432 
I  .  8OO4 
2.0576 
2.3148 
2.5720 

1.6314 

I.9033 
2.1752 
2.4471 
2.7190 

1.6756 

1-9547 
2  -  2340 

2.5132 
2.7925 

•15 
.20 

•25 
•30 
.40 

3.3069 
4.4092 

5-5II5 
6.6138 
8.8184 

3.8580 
5.1440 
6.4301 
7.7I6I 
10.2881 

4-0785 
5.438o 

6-7975 
8.1570 
10.8760 

4.1888 

5-5849 
6.9812 

8-3775 
ii  .  1700 

•50 
.60 
.70 
.80 
.90 

I  I  .  O23O 
13.2276 
I5-4322 
17.6368 
19.8414 

I2.86O2 
I5-4322 

I  8  .  0042 
20.5763 
23-1483 

I3-5950 
16.3140 
19.0330 
21.7520 
24.4710 

13.9625 
16.7549 
19-5474 

22  .  34OO 
25.I325 

I  .OO 
I.  10 

1  .20 

1.30 

1  .40 

22  .  0460 
24  .  2506 
26.4552 
28.6598 
30.8644 

25.7203 
28  .  2924 
30.8644 

33-4364 
36.0085 

27.  1901 
29.9091 
32.6281 

35.3471 
38.0661 

27.9250 
30.7174 

33.5099 
36.2025 

39-0949 

1.50 

1  .60 

1.70 
1.  80 

1  .90 

33.0690 

35-2736 

37.4782 
39.6828 
41.8874 

38-5805 

4LI525 
43.7246 
46  .  2966 
48  .  8686 

40.7851 

43-504I 
46.2231 
48  .  942  i 
51  .6611 

41.8880 
44.6799 

47.4723 
50.2649 

53-0574 

2.OO 
2.  IO 
2.  2O 
2.30 
2.40 

44  .  0920 
46  .  2966 
48.5012 
50.7058 
52.9104 

51.4407 
54.0127 

56.5847 
59-I568 
61.7288 

54.3801 
57.0991 
59.8181 
62  .  5372 
65  -  2562 

55-8490 
58.6423 

61.4348 
64.2274 
67.0199 

2.50 
2.6O 
2.7O 
2.80 
2.9O 

55.H50 
57-3I96 
59-5242 

61.7288 

63  •  9334 

64  .  3008 
66.8729 
69.4449 
72.0169 
74.5890 

67.9752 
70  .  6942 

73-4I32 
76.  1322 

78.8512 

69.8123 
72  .  6048 

75-3973 
78.1899 
80.9823 

3.00 

66.1380 

77.  1610 

81.5702 

83.7748 

rjiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii minimi i i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniinii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiini i i miimi miiiiiiiiii IIIHIIIIIIIII iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini IIIIIIIIIIINIIIII iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii mm inn i miiiiii mimiiiiiimniiiu* 

41 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y 


TABLE  XII 


Summary  of  Shipping  Weights  of  Solvay  Products 


Net  Weight  —  Pounds 


Product 

Bags 

Barrels 

Drums 

Bulk 
Lbs.  per  Cu.  Ft. 

58%  Soda  Ash  —  Light  

SOO 

^oo  (Approx.) 

^1  ^A.  —  ^dV£ 

58%  Soda  Ash  —  Dense  

500 

soo  (Approx.) 

Ox/4        OTVO 
64.  67 

48%  Soda  Ash  —  Ordinary  

i>oo 

^oo  (Approx.) 

TiA.lA  VI 

48%  Soda  Ash  —  Special  

5OO 

64  —  66 

Caustic  Soda  —  Solid  

675 

Caustic  Soda  —  Ground  

55O,  575 

4OO 

Solvay  Snow  Flake  Crystals  

280,  ^50 

Modified  Sodas  

280 

Mono-Hydrate  Crystals  

450 

Causticized  Ash  

^oo 

Crown  Filler  

260,  ^oo,  ^70 

Calcium  Chloride  —  Solid  

610 

Calcium  Chloride  —  Granulated  .... 
Salt  

2OO 

400 

350,  375 

60 

Limestone  —  Pulverized  

IOO 

75 

FimiunmimiiiiiniuiiiiiiiiiimuiiiiiiiiiiitnniiiiiiiiiiiiimiiniiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniH 

42 


o 
u 


w 
u 

g 

- 


o 

t/) 


ffi 

H 

U, 
O 


Cu 
H 
O 

H 

Q 


aiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiinuiiiiiminiiiiiiiiiiwmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiKiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiM 

43 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,        SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


TABLE  XIII 

Chemical  Equivalents  of  Solvay  Products 

Name 

Molecular 
Formula 

Molecular 
Weight 

Percentage  Composition 

Sodium  Carbonate  

Na2CO3 

Na2CO3+ 
ioH2O 

NaHCOs 

Na2C03+ 
H2O 

Na2CO3 
NaHCO3  + 
2H2O 

Na2SO4 

Na2SO4+ 
ioH2O 

NaOH 

Na2O 
NaCl 
CaCl2 
CaCO3 
CaO 
CaSO4 

CaSO4+ 
2H2O 

Ca(OH)2 

I  O6 
286 

84 
124 
226 

142 
322 

40 
62 

58.5 
III 
IOO 
56 
136 
172 

74 

Na2O 
CO2 
Na2O 
CO2 
H2O 
Na?O 
C02 
H2O 
Na2O 
CO2 
H2O 
Na2O 
CO2 
H2O 
H2O 

Na2O 
S03 
Na2O 
S03 
H2O 
Na2O 
H2O 
Na 
O 
Na 
Cl 
Ca 
Cl 
CaO 
CO2 
Ca 
0 
CaO 
SO3 
CaO 
S03 
H20 
CaO 
H2O 

58.49 
41.51           loo 

(Soda  Ash)            

Sodium  Carbonate  

21.68 

15-39 
62  .  93           loo 

(Crystal)  

Sodium  Bicarbonate  

36.90 

52-38 
10.72           loo 

Sodium  Monohydrate  

50.00 

35.48 

14.52          ioo 

Crystals           

Sodium  Sesquicarbonate  .  .  .  . 
Snow  Flake  Crystals 

Sodium  Sulphate.       

41-15 
38.94 

15-93  (Crys.) 
3.98  (Comb.) 

IOO 

43.66 

56.34          ioo 

Sodium  Sulphate  

19-25 

24.84 
55.91           ioo 

Crystal  

Sodium  Hydrate  

77-50 

22.50          ioo 

(Caustic)  

Sodium  Oxide       

74-19 

25.81           ioo 

Sodium  Chloride  

39-32 

60.68          ioo 

Calcium  Chloride     

36.04 

63.96           ioo 

Calcium  Carbonate  

56.0 

44.0            ioo 

Calcium  Oxide  

71-43 

28.57          I0° 

(Caustic  Lime)  

Calcium  Sulphate  (dry)  

Calcium  Sulphate  (Crystal)  . 
Crown  Filler  

41.18 
58.82          ioo 

32.56 
46.51 

20.93           IO° 

Calcium  Hydroxide  

75-67 

24.33          ioo 

(Hydrate  of  Lime)  

^ 


44 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,        N.       Y. 


TABLE  XIV 

Comparison  of  Fahrenheit  and  Centigrade  Temper- 
atures with  Centigrade  Degrees  as  Basis 

To  use  the  Table,  find  Centigrade  temperature  in  intervals  of  "tens"  in  left  hand  column,  move  across  table  to 
point  under  proper  "unit."     Figure  found  at  intersection  is  the  corresponding  Fahrenheit  Temperature. 

Note:    For  Comparison  of  Temperatures  between  -1°  C.  and  -9°  C.,  see  small  table,  above  main  table. 


—  i°C. 

—2°  C.          —3°  C. 

-4°C. 

-5°C. 

—  6°C. 

-7°C. 

—  8°C. 

-9°C. 

+30-2°  F. 

+28.4°  F.      +26.6°  F. 

+  24.8°  F. 

+23-0°  F. 

+  21.2°  F. 

+  19-4°  F. 

+  17.6°  F. 

+  15-8°  F. 

C. 


-  40 
—  30 

—  20 

-  IO 

O 

+  10 

4-  20 

+  30 

+  4O 

+  50 

+  60 

+  70 

+  80 

+  90 

+  IOO 

+  no 

+  I2O 
+  130 
+  140 
+  150 

+  160 


—40 

22 

-  4 

+  14 

32 

50 

68 

86 

104 

122 
140 
158 
I76 
I94 
212 
230 
248 
266 
284 
302 
320 


i 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

F. 

0  F. 

op 

0  F. 

°F. 

op 

0  F. 

0  F. 

°P. 

li.9 

~43-6 

—45-4 

—47.2 

—49 

—50.8 

-52.6 

—54-4 

—56.2 

'3-8 

—25.6        —27.4 

—29.2 

—31          —32.8 

—34-6 

—36.4 

-38.2 

5-8 

-  7.6 

-  9-4 

—  II  .2 

—13 

—14.8 

—  16.6 

—18.4 

—20.2 

2  .2 

+  10.4 

+   8.6 

+  6.8 

+  5 

+  3.2 

+   1.4 

+  0.4 

—    2.2 

,3-8 

35-6 

37-4 

39-2 

4i 

42.8 

44.6 

46.4 

48.2 

,1.8 

53-6 

55-4 

57-2 

59 

60.8 

62.6 

64-4 

66.2 

>9.8 

71.6 

73-4 

75-2 

77 

78.8 

80.6 

82.4 

84.2 

17.8 

89.6 

91  .4 

93-2 

95              96.8 

98.6 

100.4 

IO2  .2 

>5-8 

107.6 

109.4 

III  .2 

113            114.8 

116.6 

118.4 

120.2 

'3.8 

125.6 

127.4 

129  .2 

131            132.8 

134.6 

136.4 

138.2 

[1.8 

143-6 

H5.4 

147.2 

149            150.8 

152.6 

154-4 

156.2 

>9-8 

161.6 

163.4 

165.2 

167            168.8 

170.6 

172.4 

174.2 

7.8 

179.6 

181  .4 

183.2 

185 

186.8 

188.6 

190.4 

192.2 

>5-8 

197.6 

199.4 

201  .2 

203 

204.8 

206.6 

208.4 

2IO.2 

3-8 

215.6 

217.4 

219.2 

221                 222.8 

224.6 

226.4 

228.2 

,1.8 

233-6 

235-4 

237.2 

239                 240.8 

242  .6 

244.4 

246.2 

19.8 

251  .6 

253-4 

255.2 

257                 258.8 

260.6 

262  .4 

264.2 

,7.8 

269.6 

271.4 

273-2 

275                 276.8 

278.6 

280.4 

282.2 

(5.8 

287.6 

289.4 

291  .2 

293                 294.8 

296.6 

298.4 

300.2 

.3.8 

305-6 

307-4 

309.2 

311                 312.8 

3H-6 

316.4 

318.2 

1.8 

323-6 

325-4 

327.2 

329 

330.8 

332-6 

334-4 

336.2 

General  formulas  for  converting  Fahrenheit  temperatures  to  corresponding 
Centigrade  temperatures,  and  vice  versa: 

If  c  and  f  denote  corresponding  temperatures  on  the  Centigrade  and  Fahren- 
heit scales,  respectively,  then: 

c  =  5/9  (f-32)  and  f  =  9/5  0  +  32. 

From  these  equations  it  follows:  To  convert  Fahrenheit  temperatures  to 
Centigrade  temperatures,  subtract  32  and  multiply  by  5/9. 

Examples:    104°  F  =  (104-32)  X 5/9  =  40°  C. 

-3i°  F  =  (-31-32)  X 5/9=- 35°  C. 

To  convert  Centigrade  temperatures  to  Fahrenheit  temperatures,  multiply 
by  9  /5  and  add  32 : 

Examples:    10°  C.  =  (10X9 /5_)+32  =  50°  F. 

-36°  C.  =  (-36X9/5) +32  =-32. 8°  F. 


45 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


TABLE  XV 

International  Atomic  Weights- -1916 


Symbol 

Atomic 
Weight 

Symbol 

Atomic 
Weight 

Aluminium           

Al 

27    I 

Neodymium 

Nd 

I  A  A      T. 

Antimony  

Sb 

1  2O.  2 

Neon    

Ne 

*-err  •  o 

2O    2 

Argon        

A 

10  88   ; 

Nickel 

Ni 

58  68 

Arsenic  

As 

74.  Q6 

Niton  (radium  emana- 

Barium         

Ba 

1^7    V7 

tion) 

Nt 

222    4 

Bismuth  .  .  

Bi 

2O8.O 

Nitrogen  

N 

14  01 

Boron  

B 

no 

Osmium 

Os 

IQO   Q 

Bromine  

Br 

7Q.Q2 

Oxygen  

o 

iy\j  .  ^ 

1  6  oo 

Cadmium  

Cd 

112  40 

Palladium    . 

Pd 

1  06  7 

Caesium  

Cs 

1^2.  8l 

Phosphorus  

P 

'U    O4 

Calcium  

Ca 

4O  O7 

Platinum      .           .  . 

Pt 

105    2 

Carbon  

c 

I2.OO5 

Potassium  

K 

x  yo  • 
^Q    IO 

Cerium  

Ce 

I4O.25 

Praseodymium  

Pr 

I4O.Q 

Chlorine  

Cl 

"35  .46 

Radium  

Ra 

226.O 

Chromium  ».;.'. 

Cr 

52.O 

Rhodium  

Rh 

IO2.9 

Cobalt  

Co 

58.Q7 

Rubidium  

Rb 

85.45 

Columbium  

Cb 

QV  5 

Ruthenium  

Ru 

IOI  .7 

Copper  

Cu 

6^.  57 

Samarium  

Sa 

I5O.4 

Dysprosium  

Dy 

162.  S 

Scandium  

Sc 

44-  I 

Erbium  

Er 

167.7 

Selenium  

Se 

7Q.2 

Europium  

Eu 

I52.O 

Silicon  

Si 

28.3 

Fluorine  

F 

IQ.O 

Silver  

Ag 

107.88 

Gadolinium  

Gd 

1  57  .  -i 

Sodium  

Na 

2^.OO 

Gallium  

Ga 

60.  Q 

Strontium  

Sr 

87.6^ 

Germanium  

Ge 

72.  S 

Sulphur  

S 

^2.o6 

Glucinum  

Gl 

Q.  I 

Tantalum  

Ta 

181  .5 

Gold  

Au 

IQ7.2 

Tellurium  

Te 

127.  5 

Helium  

He 

4.OO 

Terbium  

Tb 

150.  2 

Holmium  

Ho 

i6v  5 

Thallium  

Tl 

204.0 

Hydrogen  

H 

1  .008 

Thorium  

Th 

2^2.4 

Indium  

In 

114.8 

Thulium  

Tm 

168.5 

Iodine  

I 

126.92 

Tin  

Sn 

118.7 

Iridium  

Ir 

IQV  I 

Titanium  

Ti 

48.1 

Iron  

Fe 

55.84 

Tungsten  

W 

184.0 

Krypton  .  . 

Kr 

82.92 

Uranium  

u 

2^8.2 

Lanthanum  

La 

I^Q.O 

Vanadium  

V 

51  .O 

Lead  

Pb 

2O7  .  2O 

Xenon  

Xe 

I^O.2 

Lithium  

Li 

6.04 

Ytterbium  (Neoytter- 

Lutecium.  ... 

Lu 

175.0 

bium)  

Yb 

173-  S 

Magnesium 

Mg 

24.  ^2 

Yttrium  

Yt 

88.7 

Manganese  

Mn 

•^T-    O^ 
54.01 

Zinc  

Zn 

65.  37 

Mercury  .... 

Hg 

2OO.6 

Zirconium  

Zr 

QO.6 

Molybdenum  . 

Mo 

Q6.0 

-.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN 

46 


LIMESTONE  CRUSHER  BUILDING  AT  SYRACUSE  QUARRIES  OF 
THE  SOLVAY  PROCESS  CO. 


;;  :,xJ^  ®  fi^-^JSS^ 


MODERN  LIMESTONE  QUARRYING  AT  THE  SYRACUSE  QUARRIES. 
2,000  POUNDS  OF  DYNAMITE  WERE  USED  IN  THIS  SHOT. 


47 


THE       S  O  L  V  A  V        PROCESS       COMPANY 


SYRACUSE 


N  .       Y  . 


CO 


ON  co  i— i  OO  co 
O  ON  O  t~>-  co 
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w 

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m 

< 

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CO  O  co 
CN  00  CO 
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O  O  CN 


HH    ro  O 

CO 


ON 


CN   ^O    O 

HH       COO 

CO 
CO 


O       HH 

O    O 


HH       CN 

O  O  O 
^-oo  ^h 
>O  rj-  T^- 

CN        O        HH 

O    co  ON  co 


ON  O 
O    O 

o  o 


O    -<    CN 
000 


10    Tt-    Tj- 

(N   O   "H    ^h 

cO  ON  co 

ON 


O    i-i     CNJ 

O    O    O 


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O    •-"    'd' 
cO  ON  CO 

ON 
O 


J 

CN 

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CN 

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oo 

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CN    O 

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CN    CN 

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48 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


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THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y. 


TABLE  XX 


Comparison  of  Hydrometer  Scales  with  Baume 
Degrees  as  the  Basis 


0  Baume 

0  Twaddell 

Spec.  Grav. 

0  Baume 

0  Twaddell 

Spec.  Grav. 

I 

i-4 

I  .OO7 

36 

66.4 

1-332 

2 

2.8 

I  .OI4 

37 

69. 

1-345 

3 

4-4 

I  .022 

38 

71.4 

1-357 

4 

5-8 

I  .029 

39 

74- 

1.370 

5 

7-4 

1.037 

40 

76.6 

1-383 

6 

9- 

1-045 

4i 

79-4 

1-397 

7 

10.4 

1.052 

42 

82. 

i  .410 

8 

12. 

I  .060 

43 

84.8 

1.424 

9 

13-4 

I  .067 

44 

87.6 

1-438 

10 

15 

1-075 

45 

90.6 

1-453 

ii 

16.6 

1.083 

46 

93-6 

1.468 

12 

18.2 

I  .OQI 

47 

96.6 

1-483 

13 

20. 

I  .  IOO 

48 

99.6 

1.498 

H 

21  .6 

I.I08 

49 

102.8 

I-5H 

15 

23.2 

i  .  116 

50 

106. 

1-530 

16 

25- 

1.125 

5i 

109.2 

I-546 

17 

26.8 

I-I34 

52 

112.  6 

1-563 

18 

28.4 

i  .  142 

53 

116. 

1.580 

19 

30.4 

1.152 

54 

119.4 

1-597 

20 

32.4 

1.162 

55 

123. 

1.615 

21 

34-2 

i  .  171 

56 

126.8 

1.634 

22 

36. 

1.180 

57 

130.4 

1.652 

23 

38. 

i  .  190 

58 

134-2 

1.671 

24 

40. 

i  .200 

59 

138.2 

i  .691 

25 

42. 

I  .210 

60 

142.2 

i  .711 

26 

44- 

I  .220 

61 

1.46.4 

1.732 

27 

46.2 

I.23I 

62 

150.6 

1-753 

28 

48.2 

I  .241 

63 

154-8 

1.774 

29 

50.4 

1.252 

64 

159-2 

1.796 

30 

52.6 

1.263 

65 

163-8 

1.819 

31 

54-8 

1.274 

66 

168.4 

1.842 

32 

57- 

1.285 

33 

59-4 

1.297 

34 

61.6 

1.308 

35 

64. 

1.320 

-iimmiiiiimimn mil inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuiiiiiiiiiuiniiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnii i iiiinii iiiiiiiiuuiiiiiui i i minium mi mm i niiimiminimiu m mini i i mninnuim imimiiiiiiiim mi i iimim nmiimim 1111,7 

50 


SI 


THE       S  O  L  V  A  Y        PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,        N  Y. 


Social  Work 

GENERAL  WELFARE  WORK.  Since  1887,  The  Solvay  Process  Com- 
pany has  carried  on  general  Welfare  Work.  A  building  is  devoted  to 
that  purpose,  with  several  teachers  in  charge.  Classes  are  conducted  in 
sewing,  dressmaking,  cooking  and  domestic  science,  both  for  young  children 
and  older  girls  and  women.  In  a  hall  especially  designed  for  the  purpose,  recrea- 
tion and  entertainment  of  various  sorts  are  provided  both  for  small  children 
and  the  older  boys  and  girls.  Dancing  classes,  and  social  dances  are  held  regu- 
larly. Recreation  rooms  are  provided  for  the  older  boys,  where  they  may  play 
pool  and  billiards.  Also,  a  gymnasium  is  provided  large  enough  for  basket  ball, 
and  where  classes  are  held  both  for  little  boys  and  girls,  and  for  those  older. 
A  feature  of  special  importance  is  the  Day  Nursery  which  has  proven  to  be  of 
great  use  to  the  mothers  of  the  vicinity.  All  of  this  work,  of  course,  is  main- 
tained under  competent  supervision.  We  wish  to  emphasize  that  this  depart- 
ment is  not  limited  to  employees,  but  its  benefits  are  open  to  all  residents  of 
the  community.  The  welfare  worker  who  is  in  charge  of  the  above  work  also 
keeps  in  touch  with  the  employees  of  the  company,  and  investigates  cases  of 
want  and  appeals  for  aid. 

EDUCATIONAL  WORK.  The  Company  conducts  within  its  own  works 
a  modern  half-time  mechanics'  school,  into  which  a  limited  number  of  boys  over 
1 6  years  of  age  are  admitted.  These  boys  are  paid  an  hourly  wage,  and  are 
divided  into  two  classes,  each  class  being  alternately  two  weeks  in  the  school 
and  two  weeks  in  the  works.  Some  verv  excellent  workmen  have  been  trained 


52 


THE       S  O  L  V  A  V        PROCESS        COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,        N  .       Y  . 


GUILD    HALL   AND    GUILD    HOUSE 


in  this  school,  some  of  whom  are  now  employed  by  the  company,  and  some 
elsewhere. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  in  special  cases,  a  plan  is  provided  for  loaning 
money  to  students  to  assist  them  in  obtaining  a  college  education. 

MUTUAL  BENEFIT  SOCIETY.  In  1888,  the  Solvay  Mutual  Benefit 
Society  was  organized.  This  society  is  really  an  accident  and  sickness  insurance 
company.  The  men  and  the  company  pay  into  the  treasury  the  same  amount. 

The  society  employs  its  own  doctor  who  treats  all  cases  of  sickness  or 
accident.  Weekly  indemnities  are  paid  for  a  considerable  period,  in  cases  of 
sickness,  and  accidents  occurring  off  duty.  Accidents  which  occur  while  on 
duty  are  taken  care  of  under  the  New  York  State  Workmen's  Compensation  Act. 

PENSIONS.  Since  1908  the  Company  has  had  in  operation  a  general 
pension  plan,  to  the  benefits  of  which,  by  action  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  are 
admitted  such  of  its  men  as  have  been  incapacitated  by  reason  of  old  age,  sick- 
ness or  accident  after  long  service. 

The  amount  of  pension  payable  is  figured  in  accordance  with  carefully  con- 
sidered rules,  but  is  chiefly  dependent  upon  the  length  of  service  and  the  amount 
received  by  the  beneficiary  during  the  ten  highest  paid  years  of  his  service. 

The  fund  from  which  pension  payments  are  made  was  originally  set  aside 
out  of  profits  and  placed  in  a  separate  account.  Thereafter,  month  by  month, 
this  fund  has  been  increased  by  making  payments  to  it  of  a  certain  number  of 
cents  per  ton  of  product,  and  all  income  from  the  fund  has  been  credited  to,  and 
all  expenditures  and  pensions  charged  against  the  fund. 

The  above  is  a  very  brief  general  statement  of  a  part  of  what  The  Solvay 
Process  Company  has  done  and  is  trying  to  do,  along  the  lines  mentioned. 


53 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N 


Technical  Service  Department 

REALIZING  that  in  the  exceedingly  varied  use  of  soda  products  successful 
results  depend  entirely  upon  the  correct  chemical  application  of  the 
product  to  the  process  in  which  it  is  to  be  used,  this  Company  has  for 
some  time  maintained  a  Technical  Service  Department  composed  of  a  staff  of 
experts  devoted  solely  to  the  study  of  the  proper  use  of  alkali  in  all  the  processes 
into  which  it  enters. 

Even  an  expert  chemist,  though  he  may  have  very  complete  knowledge  of  the 
chemical  properties  of  a  product  and  of  its  uses,  may  not,  however,  be  com- 
petent to  furnish  the  most  valuable  advice  and  assistance  to  users  of  that  product. 
He  must,  in  addition  to  his  chemical  knowledge,  have  carefully  studied  the 
processes  of  manufacture  into  which  the  product  enters,  and  he  must  be  thor- 
oughly familiar  with  the  problems  and  practical  difficulties  to  be  encountered 
in  the  particular  process  in  which  he  is  seeking  to  give  advice.  In  other  words, 
he  must  be  a  practical  operator  as  well  as  a  chemist. 

The  experts  in  the  Technical  Service  Department  of  The  Solvay  Process 
Company  are  skilled  operators  in  the  various  industries  in  which  the  Com- 
pany's products  are  used,  and  are  competent  to  solve  the  problems  encountered 
in  any  process  of  manufacture  into  which  alkali  enters. 

This  department  is  maintained  for,  and  is  entirely  at  the  service  of,  con- 
sumers of  the  Company's  products.  Correspondence  addressed  to  The  Solvay 
Process  Company,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  attention  Technical  Service  Department, 
will  receive  prompt  attention,  advice  on  any  problem  involving  the  use  of  alkali 
will  be  gladly  furnished,  and,  where  necessary,  one  of  the  Company's  experts 
will  be  sent  to  study  the  particular  operation  and  give  personal  advice  and 
assistance. 


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54 


ALKALI   TREE 


55 


THE       SOLVAY       PROCESS       COMPANY,       SYRACUSE,       N.       Y 


General  Index 

PAGE 

BICARBONATE  OF  SODA,  DESCRIPTION  OF 13 

CALCIUM  CHLORIDE,  DESCRIPTION  OF 14 

CALCIUM  CHLORIDE — GRANULATED 27 

CALCIUM  CHLORIDE — REFRIGERANT 26 

CAUSTICIZED  ASH,  DESCRIPTION  OF 13 

CAUSTIC  SODA,  DESCRIPTION  OF 12 

CAUSTIC  SODA  FOR  SOAP-MAKERS  AND  FOR  MERCERIZING    ,    .        .    ,            22 

CROWN  FILLER,  DESCRIPTION  OF 14 

LABELS,  REPRODUCTION  OF 19 

LIMESTONE,  DESCRIPTION  OF      14 

MODIFIED  SODAS,  DESCRIPTION  OF 13 

ORGANIZATION 9 

OUTLINE  OF  SODA  PROCESS .  10 

SALT,  DESCRIPTION  OF 14 

SOCIAL  WORK 52 

SODA  AS  A  CLEANSING  AGENT 24 

SODA  ASH,  DESCRIPTION  OF 12 

SODA  ASH  FOR  GLASS  MAKING 20 

SOLVAY  PRODUCTS,  LIST  OF n 

TECHNICAL  SERVICE  DEPARTMENT 54 

VALUATION  OF  ALKALIES  BY  VARIOUS  SYSTEMS  OF  TESTING 15 


Index  of  Tables 

PAGE 

ATOMIC  WEIGHTS,  TABLE  XV 46 

CALCIUM  CHLORIDE  BRINE,  SOLVAY,  PROPERTIES  OF,  TABLE  IV 30 

CALCIUM  MAGNESIUM  CHLORIDE  BRINE,  PROPERTIES  OF,  TABLE  IV 30 

CAUSTIC  SODA,  COMPARISON  OF  DIFFERENT  TESTS,  TABLE  II 18 

CAUSTIC  SODA,  EQUIVALENT  PRICES  FOR,  PER  100  LBS.,  TABLE  IX 39 

CAUSTIC  SODA,  EQUIVALENT  PRICES  FOR,  PER  TON,  TABLE  X 40 

CAUSTIC  SODA,  EQUIVALENT  PRICES  FOR,  PER  KILOGRAM,  TABLE  XI 41 

CAUSTIC  SODA  SOLUTIONS,  EFFECT  OF  TEMPERATURE  ON  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF,  CHART    .  36 

CAUSTIC  SODA,  SOLUTIONS,  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF,  TABLE  VII 34.  35 

CHEMICAL  EQUIVALENTS  OF  SOLVAY  PRODUCTS,  TABLE  XIII 44 

GRAVIMETRIC  EQUIVALENTS,  TABLE  XIX .\.'  .;    .    .  49 

HYDROMETER  SCALES,  COMPARISON  OF,  TABLE  XX ......  50 

LINEAR  EQUIVALENTS,  TABLE  XVI 48 

SALT  BRINE,  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF,  TABLE  III 30 

SHIPPING  WEIGHTS  OF  SOLVAY  PRODUCTS,  TABLE  XII      42 

SODA  ASH,  COMPARISON  OF  DIFFERENT  TESTS,  TABLE  I 17 

SODA  ASH,  EQUIVALENT  PRICES  FOR,  TABLE  VIII 38 

SODA  SALTS,  SOLUBILITY  OF,  TABLE  V 31 

SODIUM  CARBONATE  SOLUTIONS,  EFFECT  OF  TEMPERATURE  ON  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF,  CHART  33 

SODIUM  CARBONATE  SOLUTIONS,  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF,  TABLE  VI 32 

SURFACE  EQUIVALENTS,  TABLE  XVIII     . 49 

TEMPERATURES,  COMPARISON  OF  FAHRENHEIT  AND  CENTIGRADE,  TABLE  XIV 45 

VOLUME  EQUIVALENTS,  TABLE  XVII ; a.8 

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56  rir 


DATE 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 


INCREASE  TO  so  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
IND  To5  $1.oo   ON   THE  SEVENTH   DAY 

OVERDUE. 


Gay  (amount 
Pamphlet 

Binder 
Gaylord  Bros.,  Inc. 

Stockton,  Calif. 
T.M.  Reg.  U.S.  Pat.  Off.  , 


Yl 


TP2.4S 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


